Probation and ecidivism
ecidivism is the habit of offenders falling back to crime or misdemeanor after having been charged with offences or while still on probation. It is a new crime that is committed by a felony inmate or a probationer (Merriam Webster, 2012). The recidivism rate is measured by the number of re-arrests, reincarnations and the reconvictions that take place.

From various studies, there have been various categories of offenders who have been noted to have a higher possibility of falling into recidivism than others and yet another category that has a greater percentage of success in their probation and not fall back into recidivism. The success on probation is widely predicted based on personal characters of the probationers. Women of thirty years and above are generally seen to be able to carry on successfully with the probation and not be subjects to recidivism. It is also noted by Cengage Learning…...

mla

References

Cengage Learning Inc. (2009). Probation, Modification and Termination.

Dr. Tony Fabelo (2009). Travis County probation, three years later. Retrieved February 14, 2012 from  http://www.tdcaa.com/node/5268 

Merriam Webster, (2012). Definition: Recidivism. Retrieved February 14, 2012 from  http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/recidivism

Probation and Parole Programs
Individuals who are unfamiliar with the criminal justice system may think that a convicted criminal is sentenced to a certain period of time in prison and when released has paid his -- or her -- debt to society in full and is as free as anyone without a criminal record. However, in most cases, prisoners released from jail or prison are sentenced to additional time on probation or parole as a sort of transitional phase in their lives during which they have a much higher level of supervision than does the ordinary individual. This period of time is -- ideally -- one in which each individual can make a smooth transition back to ordinary civilian life while at the same time posing a reduced risk to public safety.

A few basic definitions will be useful at this point. While "probation" and "parole" are parallel terms, they can refer…...

mla

References

Andrews, D.A. & Bonta, J. (1994). The Psychology of Criminal Conduct Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Publishing Co.

Betesh, W. (2002). Has the state gone too far? Seton Hall Legislative Journal 26.

Corbett, R.P., Fitzgerald, B.L. & Jordan, J. (1998). Boston's Operation Night Light: An Emerging Model for Police-Probation Partnerships, in J. Petersillia, ed. Community Corrections: Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions New York: Oxford University Press.

Department of Justice. (1998). Rethinking probation. Retrieved from  http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/probation/rethink.pdf .

"Public safety and assisting the offender in reintegrating into the community are the most important considerations in any parole decision. Is the inmate willing and ready to re-enter the community as a law-abiding citizen and contribute to a safer society? Can the inmate's release back into society harm the general public? All relevant information is considered" (General parole and probation questions," 2008, Criminal Law - Parole Probation, p. 3). This is in contrast to probation, which is a legal sentence enforced based upon the nature of the crime and is viewed more in terms of the degree of the convicted defendant's culpability and mitigating circumstances regarding the crime.
The parole board takes some of the same factors into consideration as a judge does when sentencing an individual to a term of probation, such as the type and severity of the offence, but also considers certain personal factors, such as the…...

mla

Works Cited

General parole and probation questions." (2008). Criminal Law - Parole Probation. Free Advice. Retrieved 30 May 2008 at  http://criminal-law.freeadvice.com/parole_probation/probation_parole_pardon.htm 

Parole and probation." (2008). Directory M. Retrieved 30 May 2008 at http://articles.directorym.com/Parole_and_Probation-a854432.html#8064170

In 1841, Augustus bailed out a 'common drunkard', and became the first probationer. "The offender was ordered to appear in court three weeks later sentencing. He returned to court a sober man, accompanied by Augustus. To the astonishment of all in attendance, his appearance and demeanor had dramatically changed" ("A Brief History"). This would eventually evolve into today's probation system.
Examples of Probation:

sentence ordered by a judge instead of, or in addition to, serving jail time, that allows the convicted offender to live in the community for a period of time, is known as probation.

Depending on the seriousness of the crime and the circumstances, this sentence sometimes occurs under the supervision of a probation officer. This differs from parole, which is a conditional release of an offender, after serving part or all of their sentence.

Probation also differs from a pardon, which is when an offender is "fully forgiven from all…...

mla

References

Brief History of Probation. No date. New York City Department of Probation. December 6, 2007 http://www.nyc.gov/html/prob/html/history.html.

Browning, D. "Minnesota Frequent Offenders Thrive." IRE Journal 23(4) Jul/Aug 2000: pp. 32-33. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. December 6, 2007  http://web.ebscohost.com .

O'Connor, T. Probation in a System of Justice. 21 Sept 2004. North Carolina Wesleyian College. December 6, 2007 http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/294/294lect06.htm.

What are the Typical Examples of Probation Condition? No date. Free Advice. December 6, 2007  http://criminal-law.freeadvice.com/parole_probation/typical_probation_conditions.htm .

Probation and its various forms: According to the official government website by Prince illiam County (PC), Virginia, probation is a sanction ordered by courts that "…allows a person to remain in the community under the supervision of a probation officer." The probation sentence could also include time in jail, a financial penalty, community service, and other sanctions (PC).
There are several kinds of probation, including: a) unsupervised probation (this is generally only available for very petty crimes); b) supervised probation (this requires regular contact with a probation officer and includes specific rules -- no alcohol, etc. -- that must be adhered to); c) community control (in this case the person on probation may be under house arrest and/or have ankle monitoring); and d) shock probation (the judge in this case may put the probationer in prison just to shock him, then release him on probation) (LaMance, 2012).

Probation and recidivism: A report…...

mla

Works Cited

Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2012). One in 34 U.S. Adults Under Correctional Supervision in

2011, Lowest Rate Since 2000. Office of Justice Programs. Retrieved January 28, 2013, from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/press/cpus11ppus11pr.cfm.

Katz, Joanne, and Bonham, Gene. (2004). Effective Alternatives to Incarceration: Police

Collaborations with Corrections and Communities. U.S. Department of Justice, retrieved

Guidelines may indicate that probation is an option, giving the judge some leeway in sentencing. Still for other judges, the kinds of services an offender may require will often dictate whether or not probation is a viable option.
A number of the crimes that occur in my state are related to drugs; the sale of drugs, being in possession of drugs, being under the influence of drugs in a public place. In many instances, contingent upon the factors outlined above, probation is a viable option even if the person pleads guilty, particularly if this is a first offense, the client is an habitual user but no one else is directly hurt in the commission of the crime, and in situations of possession with no intent to sell.

I think that imprisonment is imposed in many of these cases when it should not be. The three strike rule with habitual users when…...

mla

References

Abadinsky, H. (2008), Probation and parole: theory and practice. 10th Ed. Prentice Hall.

Probation and Parole: Supervision
Probation and parole agencies supervise offenders in the community. Once an offender has been granted probation or parole, a probation or parole officer is assigned to supervise the progress of that offender in the community.

There is a conflict over the duty and specificities of supervision. To some, supervision is based upon the casework model where supervision forms the basis of a treatment program. In other words, the parole officer draws up a plan of treatment for the parole based upon his or her character and needs, and, using all the information available and resources at his service, designs a treatment plan. The treatment plan is a combination of the parole's needs (e.g. employment), and ways that the parole can satisfy these needs (e.g. attending a life-skills program). The probation officer's endeavor and strategy will assist the parolee in meeting these needs and in finding and attending the…...

mla

References

Criminal Justice System - Structural And Theoretical Components. Retrieved on February 7, 2011 from:  http://law.jrank.org/pages/858/Criminal-Justice-System.html 

Probation and Parole: Supervision Retrieved on February 7, 2011 from:  http://law.jrank.org/pages/1852/Probation-Parole-Supervision.html 

Sentencing: Procedural Protection Retrieved on February 7, 2011 from:  http://law.jrank.org/pages/2092/Sentencing-Procedural-Protection.html

Parole reduces the financial strain on prison system in terms of costs of feeding and housing prisoners as well as overcrowding and the need to build more prisons.

Parole sentences that require prisoners to volunteer involve prisoners in the local community and enable prisoners to 'pay' their debt to society and thus pay for their incarceration.

Most probationers in the system are nonviolent: "three-quarters of probationers were supervised for a non-violent offense" (Probation and parole statistics, 2008, Bureau of Justice Statistics).

Parole programs can provide added support for prisoners with 'special needs' such as juveniles, individuals who are mentally challenged, or have other conditions that make their reintegration into society more difficult, such as a mental illness which require consistent treatment and medication. For example, states as diverse as New Mexico and New York provide family services, addiction support services, and mental health counseling to prisoners on parole. This improves the health of…...

mla

Works Cited

Ciamarra, Michael. (2006, Nov 19). Should Alabama use private prisons?

The Huntsville Times Retrieved 24 Sept 2008 at  http://realcostofprisons.org/blog/archives/2006/11/al_should_alaba.html 

La Faive, Michael (2004, Apr 26). Prison privatization: A growing national trend. The Mackinac Organization. Retrieved 24 Sept 2008 at  http://www.mackinac.org/article.aspx?ID=6504 

Probation and Parole. (2008). New Mexico Corrections. Retrieved 24 Sept 2008 at  http://corrections.state.nm.us/parole/intro.html

In other circumstances, the offender should be directed towards more traditional means of punishment.
Conclusion

Split sentencing has been part of the criminal justice system since the beginning of incarceration programs, and shock probation programs, a form of split sentencing, have been in use for more than 50 years. There is significant debate about the efficacy of these programs, because some so-called shock probation programs are linked to high rates of recidivism and offender violence, while others are shown to dramatically reduce recidivism. The important thing to keep in mind is that not all programs labeled shock probation programs actually follow the guidelines established in the 1960s for these programs. Shock probation programs involve the exposure of a defendant to a prison-type environment followed by period of highly monitored probation. However, shock probation programs were never intended to be used on those defendants who were unlikely to be shocked by exposure…...

mla

References

Branham, L. (2012). Follow the leader: The advisability and propriety of considering cost and recidivism data at sentencing. Federal Sentencing Reporter; Saint Louis U. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2011-29. Retrieved April 27, 2012 from Social Science Research Network website:  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1963506 

Broemmel, M. (2012). Definition of shock probation. Retrieved April 27, 2012 from e.how website: http://www.ehow.com/about_6324611_definition-shock-probation.html

Pasquesi, a. (2012). How does shock probation work? Retrieved April 27, 2012 from e.how website: http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5234079_shock-probation-work_.html

Riley, J. (2007, December 23). Many on shock probation in Jefferson rearrested. Retrieved April 27, 2012 from Courierjournal.com website:  http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20071223/NEWS01/712230489/Many-shock-probation-Jefferson-rearrested

Career as a Probation Officer ight for You?
One of the most challenging and potentially rewarding careers in criminal justice is that of a probation officer. Probation officers are on the front line in working with and monitoring released offenders in an effort to prevent them from committing new crimes and being reincarcerated. By helping to keep offenders out of prison, probation officers can improve the quality of the lives of their probationers while saving the government significant amounts of money in the process. Although significant growth is projected in the field for the future and the pay is generally good, working as a probation officer is not for everyone. This paper provides a review of the relevant literature to determine the responsibilities and typical job tasks of probation officers, the types of work environments they encounter, national salary levels and the outlook for this position in the future. A…...

mla

References

Black's law dictionary. (1991). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.

Buron, N. (2009, Winter). YA Q&A: Expert advice on tough teen services questions. Young Adult

Library Services, 7(2), 14-17.

Cattermole, C.M. (2003, December). The VIP method: Promoting voluntary training in the workplace. Corrections Today, 65(7), 12-14.

Probation and Offenders
Many people who are convicted of petty crimes are placed on probation instead of being sent to prison. Those who have served time in prison are often released on parole. During probation offenders have to stay out of trouble and meet other requirements stipulated in their probation sheet. Probation officers work together with and monitor the offenders in order to prevent them from committing new crimes. Probation officers supervise the people that have been placed on probation. They supervise these offenders that are on probation through personal contact with these offenders and their families. Instead of the probation officers requesting the offenders to go to them most of these officers meet them in their homes and the places where they are employed or are undergoing therapy. By meeting the offenders where they are, it means that they are less likely to take part in any crime since they…...

mla

References

Mead, B. (2012). Federal probation. Retrieved July 23, 2014 from  http://www.uscourts.gov/uscourts/federalcourts/pps/fedprob/2005-12/success.html

Probation originated from ancient times in England and the United States, it was devised so that they could avoid the mechanical application of the harsh penal codes of the day. Early criminal law of the British that was practicing much of the objectives of retribution as well as punishment imposed on the offenders severe and rigid penalties. The punishment which was common was corporal such as flogging, branding, mutilation and execution. Philanthropists and volunteers proved to be instrumental in the development and acceptance of probation in practice prior to probation being made into law.
There is need for identifying a probationer's risks and needs. isk assessment gives a measure of the probationer or parolee's level of danger to the public and at the same time it measures propensity of the offenders to get involved in the criminal activities of the future. Parole and probation jurisdiction have developed some aspects of risk…...

mla

Reference

Joan Petersilila, and Richard Rosenfeld, (2007) "Parole, Desistance from Crime, and Community Integration Committee on Community Supervision and Desistance from Crime," National Research Council

Lutze Smith and Lovrich (2004) "Innovation in Community Corrections and Probation Officers' Fears of Being SuedImplementing Neighborhood-Based Supervision in Spokane, Washington" Washington State University, Pullman, WA

Petersilia.( 2003). When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry. New York: Oxford

Taxman, F.S, Simpson, S. & Piquero, N.L. (2002). "Measuring and Calibrating Therapeutic Integration in Drug Treatment Programs," Journal of Criminal Justice.

Probation
We take a look at improving the construct and thereby the impact of probation in our criminal justice system in this paper.

Theory

The inmate population in the U.S.A. rose by 50% between 1990 and1999. The increase also accounts for recidivated parolees. Critics raised Issues about the allegedly ineffective parole system. The U.S.A. is known to have sent a huge number of people to its prisons in the past 40 years. A large chunk of those imprisoned are expected to return to their respective communities. Some of these inmates will return via accumulation of earned time credits or presidential clemency. However, it is observed that the luckier lot of the convicts is the group on parole. Probation has been around for many years in the criminal justice system. It is available in every state across the nation (Larkin). Although the architects of the probation program hoped to achieve a significant feat through…...

mla

References

Labriola, Gold, & Kohn. (2013). Center for Court Innovation -- Research. Development. Justice. Reform. Innovation in the Criminal Justice System: A National Survey of Criminal Justice Leaders. Retrieved March 28, 2016, from  http://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/documents/Innovation_Survey 

Larkin. (n.d.). Conservative Policy Research and Analysis. Hawaii Opportunity Probation with Enforcement Project. Retrieved March 28, 2016, from  http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/02/the-hawaii-opportunity-probation-with-enforcement-project-a-potentially-worthwhile-correctional-reform 

Robinson, J. (2005). The Relationship Between Parole and Recidivism in the Criminal Justice System. McNair Scholars Journal, 9(1). Retrieved, from  http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi ?

Writer Thoughts

Ethics and Discretion in Probation
"…Encourage relationships with colleagues of such character to promote mutual respect and cultivate a professional cooperation with each segment…" [and] "respect, serve and empathize with the victims of law violations allegedly committed by children…"

(Denton County Juvenile Probation Department)

hat ethical considerations are important in probation departments in the United States? hat are the ethical expectations for communities when there are offenders out from prison and on probation? hat discretion do probation officers have vis-a-vis offenders they are responsible for? These and other issues will be presented in this paper.

Potential Ethical Conflicts in the Field of Probation

Mitchell Silverman writes in the peer-reviewed International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology that there are two potential conflicts that emerge from the two "major roles" that are typically given to probation officers. First, the probation "agent" is trained to help offenders get on their feet socially (which can create a…...

mla

Works Cited

American Probation & Parole Association. (2006). Code of Ethics. Retrieved April 1, 2013, from  http://www.appa-net.org .

Denton County Juvenile Probation Department (2005). Code of Ethics for Juvenile Probation

Officers. Retrieved April 1, 2013, from  http://dentoncounty.com .

Evans, Tony, and Evans, Antony. (2010). Professional Discretion in Modern Social Services:

When requested to leave the premises the defendant refused to do so and proceeded to assault the security officer by throwing a beverage at said officer and then, subsequently, slapping the same officer. The defendant was detained by the store security and arrested by the local police.
Victim's Statement

George Petrie, the chief security officer for Publix, states that his employer would like to see the defendant punished for his actions against his staff. Based upon the defendant's actions and statements, he is concerned that the defendant has no intention to comply with this Court's dictates.

Defendant's Prior Record

Juvenile Record

Petty theft; Disorderly Conduct; Criminal trespass

Adult Record

Petty theft (shoplifting)

Personal History

Defendant has admitted to drinking alcohol on a regular, perhaps, daily basis. He denies the use of any form of non-prescription drug usage. He does admit to the recreational use of marijuana as a juvenile but denies any recent usage. He has never been…...

While it may seem like recidivism has a clear definition, there have actually been a number of different definitions of recidivism over time.  Generally, recidivism means reoffending after being released from a punishment or treatment program.  However, measures of recidivism cannot really account for all recidivism because recidivism is measured in various ways such as convictions for additional crimes, self-reporting rates, etc., but none of these measures is going to accurately capture all instances of recidivism.  One highly-researched area of recidivism is sex offenders and sex-based offenses.  Most lay people believe that sex offenders cannot be rehabilitated....

- Arrest and imprisonment
- Heavy fines
- Suspension or revocation of driver's license
- Mandatory alcohol education or treatment programs
- Community service
- Ignition interlock device installation
- Increased insurance rates
- Civil lawsuits for damages caused by drunk driving
- Criminal record
- Permanent loss of driving privileges
- Vehicle impoundment
- Mandatory attendance at victim impact panels
- Probation
- Court-ordered substance abuse treatment
- Mandatory attendance at DUI school
- Potential job loss or difficulty obtaining employment
- Negative impact on relationships with family and friends
- Emotional trauma for both the person driving drunk and any victims involved
....

1. The impact of probation on recidivism rates: Does probation effectively reduce the likelihood of offenders committing future crimes?

2. The effectiveness of probation programs in promoting rehabilitation and reintegration into society for offenders.

3. Challenges and opportunities in probation supervision: How can probation officers effectively monitor and support individuals on probation?

4. The role of evidence-based practices in probation: How can research be used to improve the outcomes of probation programs?

5. The future of probation: What innovations and advancements are being made in the field of probation supervision and how will they shape the future of criminal justice?

6. The intersection of probation....

Essay Topics on Probation Outlook

1. The Impact of Probation on Recidivism: A Longitudinal Analysis

2. Examining Factors that Contribute to Successful Probation Outcomes: A Qualitative Study

3. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Probation Programs

4. The Role of Collateral Contacts in Probation Supervision: Enhancing Probationer Success

5. Probation in the Era of Mass Incarceration: Exploring the Impact on Communities of Color

6. Innovative Approaches to Probation: Exploring Alternatives to Traditional Supervision

7. The Impact of Technology on Probation Supervision: Promises and Challenges

8. Probation and Mental Health: Addressing the Needs of Probationers with Mental Illness

9. The Role of Victim Input in Probation Decision-Making: Ethical....