The continued investment of China in U.S. Treasury notes and bonds, as well as the private investment of Chinese wealth in U.S. businesses, helps to fund government and business activities in the U.S., sustaining both social programs and economic growth in the country. This is an incredibly short-term view of the situation, however, and does not take into account the eventuality of China recalling its debt from the United States when it falls due. When this occurs, the United States could find itself in the very uncomfortable position of owing China far more than it can repay, and even making payments on this debt could severely hamper the United States' ability to carry out many of its operations and social programs, and could also place the country's economy at the mercy of foreign whims.
Despite assurances that it will continue to invest in U.S. bonds and securities, China has also…...

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References

Barkley, T. & Solomon, D. (2009). "Chinese Convey Concern on Growing U.S. Debt." Wall Street Journal July 29. Accessed 12 May 2010.  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124878817147386753.html 

Dickson, D. (2010). "China holds more U.S. debt than indicated." Washington Post March 2. Accessed 12 May 2010.  http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/mar/02/chinas-debt-to-us-treasury-more-than-indicated/ 

Xin, Z. (2009). "China says committed to U.S., wary on gold." Reuters. Accessed 12 May 2010.  http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6280K720100309

The 2016 Presidential Campaign and the National Debt
The presidential race between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump has had more than its fair share of scandals -- from Clinton's email server, the "rigged elections" as reported by undercover agents of Project Veritas, and the Clinton Foundation's pay-to-play controversies -- to Trump's lewd comments on women, his own reluctance to publish his taxes, and the nearly $1 billion loss deducted from his 1995 statement. The fact of the matter is that both candidates have been taken through the ringer in the media, both mainstream and alternative. One important issue that each candidate has attempted to address is the national debt, which is growing exponentially under the Obama Administration. Both Clinton and Trump have offered plans on what to do about the national debt. This paper will attempt to discern the facts about each candidate as they relate to the issue of the…...

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Works Cited

Durden, Tyler. "Saudis, China Dump Treasuries; Foreign Central Banks Liquidate a Record $346 Billion in U.S. Paper." Zerohedge, 18 Oct 2016. Web. 20 Oct 2016.  http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-10-18/saudis-china-dump-treasuries-foreign-central-banks-liquidate-record-346-billion-us-p 

Gandel, Stephen. "Yes, Hillary Clinton's Tax Plan Would Add to the National Debt."

Fortune, 19 Oct 2016. Web. 20 Oct 2016.  http://fortune.com/2016/10/19/presidential-debate-clinton-debt/ 

Hunt, Katie; Rivers, Matt; Shoichet, Catherine. "In China, Duterte announces split with US: 'America has lost'." CNN, 20 Oct 2016. Web. 20 Oct 2016.  http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/20/asia/china-philippines-duterte-visit/

However these effects have limited implications in the real life, their magnitude will increase exponentially during the next years, provided, of course, that the same trend is preserved in the detriment of reducing the debt. In such case, the now young generation will be faced with the disastrous outcomes of an uncontrolled federal debt.
esides the negative impacts a large debt would have upon the economic and political backgrounds, the future generations ought to be concerned about the means of repaying the country's debts. As such, the next generations have two reasons for concern: facing the economic and political instability and ensuring sufficient profits to pay off the federal debt.

3) Debate on the federal debt

The debt debate revolves around the arguments in favor and against such an increased level of the government debt. The opinions vary based on the speakers' education, personal beliefs, priorities and interests.

For instance, those who prioritize…...

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Bibliography

Schedules for Federal Debt - Daily, Unaudited, Treasury Direct, October 16, 2007,   last accessed on October 17, 2007http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/feddebt/feddebt_daily.htm ,

Cashell, W.B., the Federal Government Debt: Its size and Economic Significance, CRS Report for the Congress, March 2, 2005, last accessed on October 17, 2007http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:aLXsnXpt6jQJ:www.concordcoalition.org/doc/crs-debt-basics.pdf+economic+effects+of+national+debt&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&client=firefox-a,

NDAC National Debt Debate, Federal Budget, October 2, 2007, last accessed on October 17, 2007http://www.federalbudget.com/debtdebate.html,

Schedules for Federal Debt - Daily, Unaudited, Treasury Direct, October 16, 2007

Yet, such measures ignore not only debt, but the impact on economic growth, with rescue measures tied to austerity and tax increases. While Adam Davidson's The Other eason Europe is Going Broke attempts to place Europe's economic crises into a debt component and an economic growth component; the reality is that they are one and the same. European economic growth has lagged the U.S. considerably since the early 1970's largely due to government involvement in the European economic model. Heavy spending on the entitlement state, financed by higher tax rates has sapped economic strength from Europe. For the U.S., the sovereign debt crisis in the EU highlights the dangers of an expanding entitlement state, which weakens economic growth through ever increasing drains on the private sector.

Conclusion

The U.S. economic future will be one of slow growth, as with Japan and Europe, as the U.S. debt to GDP ratio increases. Government influence…...

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References

Davidson, Adam. "The Other Reason Europe is Going Broke." The New

York Times. The New York Times, January 6, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2012 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/08/magazine/the-other-reason-europe-is-going-broke.html?pagewanted=all 

Fingleton, Eamonn. "The Myth of Japan's Failure." The New York

Times. The New York Times, January 4, 2012. Retrieved January 11. 2012 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/08/opinion/sunday/the-true-story-of-japans-economic-success.html

The Great Awakening brought people together (though it did also divide them), but its influence on what the United States would later become is great. First of all, it forced people to have their own religious experience and it decreased the heavy hands of the clergy; new denominations also would come to be because of the Great Awakening as a direct result of the importance that was put on personal faith and views on salvation. The Great Awakening also brought the American colonies together and though there was also some division, there was more unification than ever before in the colonies.
The Great Awakening is so significant in the shaping of American and what it would later become because it gave individuals the freedom to find their own peace with life and God as it pertained to their earthly life -- and also to their later salvation. The United States…...

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References:

Middleton, Richard. Colonial America: A History, 1565 -- 1776. Wiley-Blackwell; 3rd

edition, 2002.

Geiter, Mary K., & Speck, W.A. Colonial America: From Jamestown to Yorktown.

Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

MESIC's have been singularly unsuccessful, and have been deemphasized in recent years.
Related to this are: State-sponsored venture capital investments. Countries and regions invest in venture capital funds as Limited Partners, meaning that they have the same or similar financial returns as all other investors in a Fund. In many cases, such state investments require some conditions on the privately-run venture fund. The most popular conditions include:

fixed percentage threshold of investment in the region or country, or certain number of jobs to be generated by their investments, or Attracting a certain multiple of investment from outside the state or region into the fund, or Limiting the venture investments to the types of technologies and industries which are of greatest interest to that state or region.

Examples of the above can include the Indiana Futures Fund, in which the State of Indiana invested $100 million in several venture funds. Among their conditions,…...

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Bibliography

Asen, R. "The Multiple Mr. Dewey: Multiple Publics and Permeable Borders in John Dewey's Theory of the Public Sphere." Argumentation and Advocacy, 2003: 174-182.

Balzac, M. "Recent Trends in the Research on National Innovation Systems." REPEC. November 26, 2007.   (Accessed November 28, 2007).http://ideas.repec.org/p/aug/augsbe/0254.html 

Birch, D.L. MIT Program on Neighborhood and Regional Change. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987.

Christensen, C. The Innovator's Dilemma. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1995.

Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) was created by George W. Bush in 2004 through an executive order and the congress mandated associated legislation. The ONC is an entity within the US Department of Health and Human Services. The main purpose of the ONC is basically to promote the national health information technology (HIT) infrastructure and oversee its development. In the context of the healthcare providers, the ONC is seen as a close associate to the nationwide push to have electronic health records to the patients in different hospitals all with the aim of curbing errors in the medical field and to do away with paper records.
The mission of the ONC is wide in scope and aimed at meeting the demands of HIT and includes coordination of policies, establishing governance for the eHealth Exchange, strategic planning for the adoption of the health IT as well as health information exchange and…...

This company has an extensive network that extends into Mexico and beyond to the Panama Canal. This acquisition would therefore give CNR control over rail trade in much of North America. Trade with Latin America is growing, and NAFTA has meant in influx of trade with Mexico. A rail corridor between Mexico and Canada would allow for an increase in trade between the two nations. The current southern extent of CNR's track network runs into central llinois and both meet in St. Louis. There may be only minimal work needed to link the two networks.
Kansas City Southern is affordable for CNR. KSU trades on the New York Stock Exchange and has a market cap of $4.96 billion (MSN Moneycentral, 2010), compared with the $30.77 billion market cap of CNR. Thus, an equity-based purchase can be made. Although CNR does not have an unusual amount of debt for a railroad,…...

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It is recommended that CNR attempt to merge with or otherwise acquire Kansas City Southern Railway Co. This company has an extensive network that extends into Mexico and beyond to the Panama Canal. This acquisition would therefore give CNR control over rail trade in much of North America. Trade with Latin America is growing, and NAFTA has meant in influx of trade with Mexico. A rail corridor between Mexico and Canada would allow for an increase in trade between the two nations. The current southern extent of CNR's track network runs into central Illinois and both meet in St. Louis. There may be only minimal work needed to link the two networks.

Kansas City Southern is affordable for CNR. KSU trades on the New York Stock Exchange and has a market cap of $4.96 billion (MSN Moneycentral, 2010), compared with the $30.77 billion market cap of CNR. Thus, an equity-based purchase can be made. Although CNR does not have an unusual amount of debt for a railroad, it may wish to mix a heavy portion of equity into the purchase price. For its part, KSU is relatively healthy financially, although it is facing declining earnings and income.

CNR should stay in the freight railway business when it looks for a merger or acquisition. Although there are a number of small railways it could add to its portfolio, it is recommended that the company seek a railway that would allow it to expand its presence in North American trade significantly. KSU allows that, linking Canada with Mexico, and expanding the carriers networks into Texas as well. There are existing links or near links in both the St. Louis area and in Louisiana between the two company's existing networks, which makes the purchase logistically feasible. The market cap of KSU is within the range that CNR can afford with a stock purchase as well. All of these considerations taken into account lead to the conclusion that Kansas City Southern is an ideal purchase for Canadian National Railways.

Macroeconomics -- Inflation
Domestic and national news are constantly talking about the rapid changes and increases in prices of basic commodities today. Prime commodities for a specific economy or country are discussed with the same intensity as changes in the global market prices for important, universal necessities such as oil. Prices of basic commodities are not the only ones susceptible to increasing in value. Services, too, particularly wages, are subjected to increases ultimately driven by union power or collective bargaining agreements between manufacturing companies and corporations and its workforce. Changes in the supply of raw materials used to produce products and commodities and services required to mass produce these products or to provide services on a large scale are the drivers that serve as catalysts to price increases. This increase in prices and costs of products and services over time, respectively, is called inflation (Maunder et al., 2000, p. 147).

elated to…...

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References

Maunder, P. (2000). Economics Explained. UK: Collins Education.

Tymkiw, C. (2012). "Food prices on the rise as drought worsens." CNN Money Website. Retrieved 23 July 2012. Available at:  http://money.cnn.com/2012/07/25/investing/corn-food-prices/index.htm?iid=Popular

External Debt Crisis of Developing Countries
Past studies on external debts have been done for two reasons. First, is that while borrowing from external sources can increase a nation's access to funding, borrowing from internal sources only transfers the existing resources within a country from one party to another, thus, only external borrowing can result in a 'transfer' problem (Keynes, 1929). Second, is that since financial regulatory authorities cannot just print hard currency that is required to repay debt from external sources, only external borrowing is associated with the vulnerabilities that may bring about debt crises. In terms of external debts, most countries don't know who specifically holds their debts, and thus, they categorize all debts from the international market as external, and all debts from internal markets as domestic (ECESAUN, 1999), thus, so-called external debt is, but a poor proxy for the transfer of financial resources between nations.

Foreign Debt Management

In…...

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Bibliography

Chowdhury, A. R. (2001). "External Debt and Growth in Developing Countries; A Sensitivity and Causal Analysis." WIDER Discussion Paper No. 2001/95

Cunningham, R.T. (1993): "The Effects of Debt Burden on Economic Growth in Heavily Indebted Nations," Journal of Economic Development, pp 115-126

ECESAUN, 1999. ISBN: 92-1-121239-1 Finding solutions to the debt problems of developing countries. Chile: United Nations Publications United Nations.

ESCWA, 2008. Consultative Preparatory Meeting For The Follow-Up International Conference On Financing For Development. Doha: Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia United Nations.

U.S. Department of Commerce
South Africa’s population of 50 million enjoys the most sophisticated, mature and productive economy on the African continent today (U.S. commercial service, 2014). The country’s GDP represents approximately 33 percent of the sub-Saharan total and the South African economy has experienced sustained growth of 3.2 percent over the past 5 years (US commercial service, 2014). According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, “The U.S. Commercial Service in South Africa is co-located with the U.S. Consulate General [with the] mission  to create jobs in the United States by advancing commercial opportunities in South Africa and strategically assisting firms export U.S. products and services” (U.S. commercial service, 2014, para. 2).

World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization’s (WTO’s) most recent policy review (2008) shows that during the period from 2003 through 2008, the percentage of trade in goods and services to South Africa’s GDP rose from 53.8% to 73.8% (in real…...

Latin America's problems owe a great deal to a tradition of caudillism, personal politics and authoritarianism." It will also give definitions for eight terms associated with Latin American studies: caudillism, liberalism, The Export oom, Neocolonialism, Import Subsidizing Industrialization, ureaucratic Authoritarianism and Privatization.
Latin America currently faces many problems, with diverse causes and manifestations, for example, huge external debts, lack of development in infrastructure, low levels of education for children, and low levels of health care for the population (with concurrent high infant mortality rates and low age expectancies). Many authors (such as Juan Manuel de Rosas, author of Argentine Caudillo, John Reed, author of Insurgent Mexico, and Jacobo Timerman, author of Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number) have argued that Latin America's current problems stem from a period of history (the National period), following independence, during which caudillismo was popular, and personalistic politics and authoritarianism were the rule.

This…...

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Bibliography

Encyclopedia Britannica. 2002 DVD-edition for Macintosh.

Williamson, E. (1992). The Penguin History of Latin America.

17).
The third secondary source we will look at here is Kaiser (2009). Kaiser argues that money has corroded the electoral process in the United States. He gives statistical data on the rising cost of political campaigns as an indication of how money's importance has grown in the last several decades. If the campaigns of all the candidates for President, the House, and the Senate cost less than a billion dollars in 1976, in 2000 it was $2.8 billion (even if adjusted to the inflation), while in 2004 it was $4.2 billion. "This steady increase appears now to be a permanent fixture of our politics," he says (p. 290). Kaiser also gives examples of how money spent by individuals allowed them to win seats in the House or the Senate. For example, John Corzine, a retired investment banker and a Democrat, won a Senate seat from New Jersey in 2000…...

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References

Austen-Smith, D. (1993) Information and Influence: Lobbying for Agendas and Votes. American Journal of Political Science, 37(3): 799-833.

Bartels, L.M. (2005) Economic Inequality and Political Representation. Unpublished paper. Retrieved on February 15, 2001, from http://www.princeton.edu/~bartels/economic.pdf

Derek, C., ed. (2002) the Best Elections Money Can Buy. U.S. PIRG Education Fund Report. Retrieved on February 15, 2011, from  http://cdn.publicinterestnetwork.org/assets/_8MuDgm1AnavpYKIfwgxSA/bestelections10_02.pdf .

Farman, T.W., & Eggen, D. (2010) Republican Congressional Candidates Race Ahead in Fundraising. Washington Post. Retrieved on February 15, 2011, from  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/16/AR2010101603236.html

But when the village is being rebuilt, consensus is not easy (Kurup)." This is a pointed criticism of using a U.S. model where the financial sector is doing well (the speculative economy) as opposed to the "real" economy on the street. Dr. Kurup feels that the infrastructural problems that have dogged India for years need to be solved as well so the recovery is even and across the board. He further remarked in the article that "You have to see the context. Just because we were not affected by the crisis, it does not imply we are safe. One has to look at what is the purpose behind the changes. There is a perception if you develop the bond market, infrastructure will develop. Infrastructure will not develop if the bond market alone is developed. In fact, no country in the world, except for partly the U.S., developed infrastructure through…...

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Works Cited

Globalization in India." Economy Watch. Economy Watch.com, n.d. Web. 21 Nov 2010.

.

Comparison Studies." I Watch. Wake Up Call for India, 2010. Web. 22 Nov 2010.

British Age of Austerity and the Debt Crisis
Currently, the United Kingdom is going through a period of intense economic turmoil where the fundamental questions of monetary and fiscal policy are major political issues. As Europe finds it's way through the ongoing sovereign debt crisis, Britons find themselves on the cusp of a recession and their government is enacting unprecedented budgetary cuts to weather the storm. This paper will analyze the macroeconomic policies of the Cameron government in response to the sovereign debt crisis and the associated recession here in the United Kingdom.

Before we can analyze the current situation it is important to define terms. According to the Office for National tatistics (2011), the British government is in the midst of a recession. This is defined as a period of general economic decline, defined usually as a contraction in the GDP for six months (two consecutive quarters) or longer. Marked…...

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Sources:

Bartlett, Bruce (2004). Brief Analysis No. 483. National Center for Policy Analysis.

Burnham, James B. (2003). Why Ireland Boomed. The Independent Review, Vol. 7, No. 4-537 -- 556

Gwartney, James, Stroup, Richard L. & Lee, Dwight R. (2005). Common Sense Economics. New York, St. Martin's Press

Hauptmeier, Sebastian, Heipertz, Martin & Schuknecht, Ludger (2006). Expenditure Reform in Industrialized Countries: A Case Study Approach. European Central Bank Working Paper No. 634.

Certainly! Here are some essay topic ideas related to Barack Obama:

1. Analyzing the major accomplishments and legacy of Barack Obama as President of the United States.
2. Exploring the challenges and obstacles faced by Obama during his presidency and evaluating his responses.
3. Investigating the impact of Obama's healthcare reform, the Affordable Care Act (ACA), on the American healthcare system.
4. Discussing Obama's approach to foreign policy, focusing on significant events such as the Iran nuclear deal or the Paris Climate Agreement.
5. Examining the Obama administration's efforts to address climate change and promote clean energy.
6. Assessing the economic policies and strategies implemented by....

Essay Topics Related to President Trump and President Biden

Domestic Policy

Fiscal Policy Differences: Examine the contrasting approaches to fiscal policy employed by Presidents Trump and Biden, highlighting their impact on the economy and national debt.
Immigration Reform: Analyze the evolution of immigration policies under Presidents Trump and Biden, considering their motivations, implementation, and implications for the nation.
Healthcare Debate: Discuss the heated debate on healthcare under Presidents Trump and Biden, examining the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid expansion, and drug pricing reforms.
Education Reform: Compare the educational initiatives and policies proposed by Presidents Trump and Biden, evaluating their effectiveness and potential....

Economic Factors:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): China's GDP is over $15 trillion, while Zambia's is approximately $22 billion. The vast difference in economic size signifies a fundamental economic disparity.

Industrialization: China has undergone rapid industrialization since the 1980s, transforming its economy from agricultural to manufacturing-based. Zambia, on the other hand, remains heavily dependent on natural resource extraction, particularly copper mining, which exposes its economy to price fluctuations.

Foreign Investment: China attracts substantial foreign direct investment (FDI) due to its large market, skilled labor force, and favorable business environment. Zambia, however, faces challenges in attracting FDI due to political instability, corruption,....