" (Nolan, 2013) There is a critical need for the country's power grid to be upgraded by the power and energy sector since these upgrades would serve to assist the government in its development of a national energy policy and the financial services and ICT industries could help support small business development through the improvement of access to communications and financial services that are affordable.
Summary and Conclusion
The country of Myanmar has just pulled out of many years of military rule. The government is focused on reform of the economic sector of Myanmar but there is still a great way to go before Myanmar is an investment friendly option for foreign direct investment. There is a lack of a legal and financial structure to effectively support foreign direct investment in Myanmar. However, for companies that desire to invest in Myanmar, they should focus on contributing to the develop of the national…...
mlaReferences
Myanmar -- Strategic Investment Opportunities and Challenges in Energy and Chemicals. (2013) Prospectus. Retrieved from: http://www.chemsystems.com/reports/search/docs/prospectus/STMC13_Myanmar_Pros.pdf
Myanmar Business Guide (2012) PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLC. Retrieved from: http://www.pwc.com/sg/en/assets/document/myanmar_business_guide.pdf
Nolan, C. (2013) BSR Insight -- Entering Responsibily in Risky Markets. A Look at Myanmar. Retrieved from: http://www.bsr.org/en/our-insights/bsr-insight-article/entering-responsibly-in-risky-markets-a-look-at-myanmar
THE REPUBLIC of the UNION of MYANMAR (2013) IPSOS. Retrieved from: http://w3.ipsos.com/businessconsulting/expertise/doc/ipsos-in-myanmar-november-2012.pdf
For example, in 2006 Myanmar was removed from an international list of states that supported money laundering, after it took steps to crack down on banks that were engaged in the practice (Myanmar removed from, 2006). The Financial Action Task Force praised Myanmar for its aggressive efforts to close rogue banks and prosecute their operators (Myanmar removed from, 2006).
In addition, Myanmar has taken successful steps to curb opium cultivation within its borders. The country, which had long been the second-largest opium grower in the world, trailing only Afghanistan, reduced opium cultivation by 83% from 1998 to 2006 (UN: Myanmar's 2006, 2006). This move was designed to appease not only the international community, but also China, where many of the illicit drugs being produced in Myanmar were ending up (Challenges to Democratization, 2001).
Quite clearly, Myanmar's decisions to crack down on money laundering and opium cultivation were in direct response to global…...
mlaWorks Cited
ASEAN Expects Myanmar's Decision on Leadership Issue Next Month (2005). Retrieved Oct. 7, 2006 from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Web site at
UN Convention on the ights of the Child was written to address the issue of using children in armed conflict. Two influences are identified -- state crisis and local conditions. When it comes to preventing the conscription of children into armed forces, state crisis can be difficult to prevent, but local conditions are something that can be addressed (De Berry, 2001). The Convention was written to highlight the opinion that children in armed combat is a form of child abuse, and that this view is widely held across nations (De Silva, Hobbs & Hanks, 2001). The formalization of this view by the United Nations serves to put pressure on nations to remove children from their own armed forces and to seek to address some of the underlying issue that lead to children being conscripted into armed conflict in the first place.
Children suffer immensely from being used as soldiers. Studies…...
mlaReferences
Achvarina, V. & Reich, S. (2006). No place to hide: Refugees, displaced persons and the recruitment of child soldiers. International Security. Vol. 31 (1) 127-164.
AFP. (2014). Myanmar releases child soldiers from service. Al-Jazeera. Retrieved May 19, 2014 from http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2014/01/myanmar-releases-child-soldiers-from-service-2014118103450393981.html
Bayer, C., Klasen, F. & Adam, H. (2007). Association of Trauma and PTSD Symptoms With Openness to Reconciliation and Feelings of Revenge Among Former Ugandan and Congolese Child Soldiers. Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 298 (5) 555-559.
Boyden, J. (2003). The Moral Development of Child Soldiers: What Do Adults Have to Fear? Journal of Peace Psychology. Vol. 9 (4) 343-362.
British Policy Burma and China
Geographically, Burma lies in a position of a natural trade rout and strategic centralized hub between two very desirable European trade locations, China and India. As, and independent monarchy, with heavy Chinese and Indian influences throughout the beginning of the colonial period its political leanings, and the pride of its monarchy provided a situation of resistance from the major European trade countries, Portugal, the Dutch, the French and Brittan (Murphy 256, 314) though attempts were made by both the Dutch and the British to establish trade stations and routs in strategic locations in the country, success was limited until the British successfully colonized Burma in the early 1800s and made it a principal of India, one of Brittan's strongholds. The whole of the history of Burma is marked by years of strategic conflict over control between competing interests including all the major players from the est…...
mlaWorks Cited
Murphy, Rhodes. A History of Asia 5th Edition. New York: Longman, 2005.
Woodman, Dorothy. The Making of Burma. London: Cresset Press, 1962.
Has The Outside World Done Enough To Prevent The Future Violence Against Rohingya?
The Rohingya Muslims had been facing discrimination when they lived in Myanmar, also known as Burma. The state's leader had been brutal against them as she conducted an "ethnic cleansing" and now faces a catastrophic humanitarian situation (BBC News, 2017). They were even denied immigration and citizenship in Myanmar and have therefore experienced circumstances of persecution.
United Nations and UN Security Council have been condemning these killings for a long time and have criticized Myanmar's attacks on Rohingya villagers, calling it highly unethical and unacceptable. The Rohingya victims fled to Bangladesh for help but are still not getting the country's required support and aid and the international aid agencies. They arrived in Bangladesh in devastating health conditions; however, the host country can only provide help according to its resources. The Rohingya villagers have been on their own since then.
UN…...
mlaReferences
BBC News. (2017, September 14). Rohingya crisis: Humanitarian situation catastrophic, UN says. Retrieved from Fisher, J. (2017, September 28). UN failures on Rohingya revealed. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41420973 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41260767
Introduction
In the past few years, Myanmar has been one of the world's fastest-growing economies. This success has been the result of a new government under Aung San Suu Kyi, which has resulted in democratic reforms and a shift towards a more capitalist economy. Annual GDP growth rates in the past few years have been around 7%, which puts Myanmar in the top ten for GDP growth, but the country is still very poor, with a GDP per capita of $6300, ranked 163rd in the world. While several neighboring countries are global leaders in textiles, the industry is relatively nascent in Myanmar. Yet, clothing ranks as the #6 export earner for the country (CIA World Factbook, 2018). This paper will examine the current state of the clothing industry in Myanmar, and what this means for fashion merchandising.
The Economic Situation
When Myanmar was under military rule, even in Yangon, the largest city, the…...
Global Merchandising
Most people in Myanmar shop locally. The country's population is predominantly rural, and people come to regional towns in order to shop for any goods that are not related to daily life (i.e. not food). However, there is an emerging retail culture in the larger cities. This goes along with the increasing wealthy in Myanmar. The real estate sector has benefitted more than most from the economic development the country has experienced in recent years, and this is transforming the retail landscape (VDB-Loi, 2017).. Malls are being developed in the country, in the major cities, and these are going to allow Myanmar to follow the merchandising patterns already seen in Thailand, Vietnam and other Southeast Asian nations that have gone through this stage of development in recent years. The pattern shift is notable, because it highlights central downtown shopping, but with a retail model that is better suited to…...
Global Economic Conditions
Apple operates in over 100 countries already, but there are still some markets available for the company. The one that has been chosen for the next international expansion in Myanmar. Apple already has a presence in most other Southeast Asian countries, but Myanmar has only recently become a democracy. It is a poor country, but relatively large, and is starting to see some strong economic growth. Foreign companies are starting to make their market entry. The trends for Myanmar are all quite recent. Five years ago there was little economic activity in the country, regular brownouts and a military junta. Today, there are signs of economic life. Moreover, where five years ago there was almost no broadband and it was prohibitively expensive, broadband in the country has been rolled out to most populated areas and is affordable.
Myanmar\'s economic story is mostly internal, but there is some influence of…...
229). The John Howard government cemented the lesson as a "significant shift in our dealings with the South Pacific," (quoted in McDougall and Sherman, p. 178) and as a result Australia now effectively reserves the right to step in to maintain (or restore) the rule of law throughout the region.
If anything, Australia's relationship to Papua New Guinea is stronger than its interest in the Solomon Islands (Wainwright 2003, p. 26), given its colonial history there. Somewhat more recently, Australia provided tacit material support for Papua's invasion of the breakaway Bougainville faction (McMillan 1997, p. 8) before the Sandline mercenary scandal and ensuing general strike made policy makers rethink their role in the affair and, by extension, the nightmare prospect of a true state failure in the region:
In today's globalized world, the failure of [a] modern nation state would not simply mean that its people would revert to the Pacific…...
mlaReferences
Anthony, MC, 2005, Regional security in Southeast Asia: beyond the ASEAN way, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies: Singapore.
Checchi, F, Elder, G, Schafer, M, Drouhin, E, & Legros, D, Jul 5, 2003, "Consequences of armed conflict for an ethnic Karen population, "The Lancet, vol. 362, pp. 74-5.
Cheesman, N, 2002, "Seeing 'Karen' in the union of Myanmar," Asian Ethnicity, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 199-220.
Dixon, G, Gene, M, & Walter, N, 2008, Joint review of the enhanced cooperation program (ECP), Governments of Australia & Papua New Guinea: Canberra & Port Moresby, viewed 30 March, 2010, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/ecp_final_report2008.pdf.
The new law has prosecuted 426 traffickers in 203 cases. These traffickers had 844 victims in that year alone. This law imposes penalties from 10 years imprisonment to life imprisonment (Kyodo).
Myanmar: Effective or Not?
The capacity of the national government in fighting the problem of human trafficking has been limited (UNODC 2007). It is particularly limited in implementing policy changes in remote areas where traffickers operate. Anti-trafficking groups are looking into the situation. The UNODC addresses the issue by implementing projects and participating in partnership initiatives in the country. These projects and initiatives include increasing public awareness of the problem, provision of technical assistance for the law enforcement sector and the judiciary, greater and easier access to service providers and enhancing their capabilities (UNODC).
Cambodia
Reports say that Cambodia is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking (HumanTrafficking.org 2009). Human traffickers consist of organized crime syndicates, parents, relatives, friends, intimate…...
mlaBIBLIOGRAPHY
CIA. Russia. The World Fact Book: Central Intelligence Agency, 2009. Retrieved on April 23, 2009 from http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/2732.htm
Gekht, Anna. Shared but Differentiated Responsibility Integration of International
Obligations in Fight against Trafficking in Human Beings. Denver Journal
International Law and Policy: University of Denver, 2008. Retrieved on April
Aung San Suu Kyi
comparison between Aung San Suu Kyi and Rosa Parks
Both Aung San Suu Kyi and Rosa Parks have become enduring and vivacious symbols of the civil rights movements in their respective countries. By refusing to give up her seat to a white person and to move to the back of the bus, Parks ignited a firestorm of race-related protests that galvanized civil rights crusades of later leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. And Malcolm X In the beginning, Parks was not a civil rights leader. She was a citizen who had decided to take a stand against the social oppression that was predominant against African-American people.
Like Parks, Suu Kyi did not start out as a leader of the Burmese people. Though she had an influential father, Suu Kyi was living in England with her family prior being involved in Burma's fight against the military regime. Upon her involvement,…...
mlaWorks Cited
Clements, Alan.
We are still prisoners in our own country: An interview with Aung San Suu Kyi." The Humanist. Nov/Dec 1997. 57(6). Proquest Database.
Kurlantzick, Joshua. "Can Burma Reform?" Foreign Affairs. Nov/Dec 2002. 81(6). Proquest Database.
Myoe, Maung Aung. "The national reconciliation process in Myanmar." Contemporary Southeat Asia. 2002. 24(2). Proquest Database.
Cheesman (2002) conducted a study on Karen identity in the Union of Myanmar with regards to historical and social conditions. The study found that Karen identity is a relatively difficult identity because individuals from this ethnic background do not have a common language, material attributes, religion and culture. While most of the existing assessments of this ethnic identity have been carried out in Thailand, it is largely influenced by historical and social conditions in the Union of Myanmar. Based on a review of contemporary Myanmar, people of Karen identity are seemingly virtuous, illiterate (uneducated), and oppressed. Many aspects relating to this identity appear to emphasize inferiority and subordination mostly because of mythology and modifications by the elite. Similar to the Union of Myanmar, Karen identity was brought by political dynamics and created by elite groups in the society.
The information provided in the article is accurate with regards to the role…...
Since 1996, military abuses have forced one million villagers to flee their homes.
The presence and conduct of the military are central to the plight of these civilians. Military operations have placed a particularly heavy burden on rural populations affecting their ability to sustain livelihoods.
Cases of rape and sexual violence committed by military personnel, many of them against young girls and adolescents, have been reported by human rights organizations.
It should also be noted that after the crushing of the pro-democracy movement in 1988, the regime"…took a number of steps to increase their military strength."
Instead of considering the extent of popular dissent the government in fact increased their supply of arms and military strength in order to act even more effectively against any protests. "… the regime had begun planning an ambitious ten-year program to expand the armed forces and significantly upgrade their operational capabilities. The SLORC also increased the scope and…...
mlaBibliography
Aspden, Rachel. "Forgotten Burma: As the Country Prepares to Vote in a Discredited Referendum, Rachel Aspden Visits the Forgotten Burmese Resistance -- the Eastern Ethnic Groups Promised Independence 60 Years Ago." New Statesman 5 May 2008: 31+.
Blaustein, Susan. "Burma's Surreal Police State." The Nation 30 Apr. 1990: 599+.
Burmese army's violence against civilians. 2010, March 26, 2010,
GE Global Initiatives
General Electric (GE) is a huge, multi-national company and its business decisions can have significant impacts, both positive and negative, not only on countries where it actively operates but also on countries within its supply chain. As a result, its global initiatives can be very broad and seemingly outside of GE's scope of operations. GE's human rights initiative is one such global initiative. Human rights violations are rife in the international community, particularly in areas of labor, and GE has made a commitment to reducing or eliminating human rights violations in its supply chain wherever possible. One way that GE has done so is by participating in a boycott Myanmar because of the relationship between Myanmar's old government and human rights abuses. However, recent elections may have changed the reality of business in Myanmar, and GE is taking steps to ensure that, if it engages in business with…...
mlaReferences
General Electric. (2012). 2012 sustainable growth: GE citizenship summary. Retrieved October
1, 2013 from GE.com website: http://www.gecitizenship.com/2012-report/download-the-2012-report/
Human Rights Watch. (2013). Human rights in Burma. Retrieved October 1, 2013 from HRW
website: http://www.hrw.org/burma
ASEAN
The study will be delving into: What ASEAN constitutes and what remains beyond its scope? The aim of this study will be handing out a wide-ranging presentation of the present stance of ASEAN and its accomplishments till date, along with its challenges. The paper is intended as a suggestion for a master-plan that can be employed as a future pathway where ASEAN political-security support must be going towards in the forthcoming years.
To start with let us have a brief introduction of the organization. The creators of the Association of South East Asian Nations - ASEAN, visualized it as ultimately assembling all the nations of the region and managing them to lend a hand in assuring the peace, permanence and growth of the area. While the area was in a state of turmoil, a lot of nations were under pressure for the existence of the nation or autonomy. First of…...
mlaReferences
ADBI (2002) "Did East Asian Developing Countries lose Export Competitiveness in the pre- Crisis 1990's?" ADBI Research Paper 34; Tokyo.
Altbach, Eric. (1999) "Growing Pains: ASEAN at 30" Japan Economic Institute Report. No. 23; June 19
Author Unkown. (1999) "Weathering the Storm: Hong Kong and the Asian Financial Crisis" Conference sponsored by the Far Eastern Economic Review. Hong Kong. 11 June.
Baietti Aldo. (2001) "Private Infrastructure in East Asia: Lessons Learned in the Aftermath of the Crisis." Washington, D.C. World Bank.
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