Latin America
Starting from the very beginning of the Colonial Era, Latin America has been dominated politically, economically, socially and even physically by European powers. Spain and Portugal are famous for their conquest into this region of the world, but other European countries such as England, France and the Netherlands also had their hand in essentially taking over and reshaping Latin America. There is an extensive and abundant amount of published research done on this subject and the historiography of Latin America and the account of its past runs deep and wide.

What this short essay hopes to accomplish is to evaluate and reflect on the reported history of the Latin American regions, specifically focusing on the readings and lectures from this semester. This essay will also discuss in particular John Charles Chasteen's claim from his book, orn in lood & Fire: A Concise History of Latin America, that "non-whites have generally…...

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Bibliography

Minster, Christopher. Latin American History: Introduction to the Colonial Era. (2009). Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://www.latinamericanhistory.amherst.edu/

Chasteen, John. Born in Blood & Fire - Exploring Further. (2011). Retrieved November 27, 2011 from  http://www.wwnorton.com/ 

Chasteen, John. Born in Blood & Fire: A Concise History of Latin America: 3rd Edition. (2011). Norton, W.W. & Company, Inc.

Townsend, Camilla. Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico. (2006). University of New Mexico Press.

Latin America/China
China vs. Latin America -- two studies in colonial influence

Although both the Chinese and the Latin American geographic areas stretch across vast territorial expanses, the impact of colonial rule upon the Chinese nation and the Latin American region was notably different, throughout both areas' respective exposures to European domination. The first reason for this pertains to the centralization of political authority in China, before Europeans ever set foot upon the land. In Latin America, different explorers from different European nations encountered Aztec and Incan natives in dispersed settings, creating a sense that no one 'owned' the land, because the control of these different tribal units was not centralized. In contrast, China had a very clearly defined political leader of its territory, in the form of the emperor and a hierarchical structure of power the European nations could identify with, if not respect, and could negotiate with in ways they…...

Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa
This report aims to distinguish some comparable differences in problems between Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. The report incorporates the findings of three articles on immigration, environmental concerns and family planning. The report aims to discuss how these areas of concern are being addressed and how they have been or may be solved. From there, the objective is to forecast some possible solutions for these serious long-term issues that are all too apparent throughout many of the African continent.

People are the true source of success. Therefore, when the best people in a country or region leave to find a better way of life abroad through education or other opportunities, they inadvertently have some effect on the country they left behind. "For example, the number of immigrants from Spanish-speaking Latin America increased by seven million and those from East Asia rose by over two million. In contrast,…...

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Getting the best and the brightest of nations to return home may be an impossible problem to solve. For example, if a new doctor from the Sub-Saharan African region stays in England or the United States because of the advantages seem greater than that same doctor working without facilities back home, there is more of a chance of his staying abroad. In Latin America, the rewards are greater because the nations of South America are better developed and therefore offer more of a reward to return home.

A major concern in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Latin American nations is family planning & sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and Aids. "The ideal family size of about four children is lower in Rwanda than in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa. However, the annual rate of change observed between the periods of 0-3 and 4-7 years preceding the surveys (-4.2%) is clearly greater than those noted in the first phase of the fertility transition in Botswana, Kenya, and Zimbabwe."(Pillet) The use of contraceptives in Africa has declined as the use of contraceptives increases. The changes can be compared to Latin America in the 1970's. "In Asia and Latin America, the accelerated decline in fertility observed in a few countries in the 1950s and 1960s was repeated in most of the others in the 1970s." (Pillet)

The world will not be able to feed its entire population if the overall birthrate is not slowed. Unfortunately, those having the babies are often the poorest and least capable of providing adequate opportunities to house, cloth and feed their young. The efforts to slow the birthrate in Africa is a positive sign but that is not to say that the problem

On the contrary, they maintained -- and in some cases, further improved on -- the Spanish centralizing tradition."(Pinera, 409)
Tendencies towards authoritarian rule continue to survive nowadays preventing Latin America from gradual development, as in majority of Latin American countries military putsches turned into a common practice on the hand with populism of national leaders and corruption. For a number of governments in the twentieth century protection of private interests was the main priority of state political and economical program, while the interests of the nation were often neglected, which always led to economical and political crisis:

"Deep and persistent social inequalities have distorted the nature of both economic growth and recession in Latin America. It is the poor who bear the brunt of recession through job loss, downgraded working conditions, declining real wages, small-business bankruptcies and so on. It is the wealthy, on the other hand, who are the first…...

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References

Knight, Franklin W. Race, Ethnicity, and Class: Forging the Plural Society in Latin America and the Caribbean Baylor University Press 1996, p.8

Pinera, Jose Latin America: A Way Out The Cato Journal, Vol. 22, 2003 p.409

Vilas, Carlos M. Article Title: Inequality and the Dismantling of Citizenship in Latin America. NACLA Report on the Americas. Volume 31 Issue 1, 1997

Demographics Miami available online:

Latin America
American terrorism issues and possible convergence with drug cartels in Central and South America

Terrorism in Latin America

Columbia

The leftist National Liberation Army (ELN)

United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC)

The leftist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

Cuba

Venezuela

Mexico

Iranian Activity and Sponsorship Focus

Tri- oarder area of Argentina, razil and Paraguay

Regional Overview and Criminal Activities and Concerns

Parallel developments of Terrorism and Organized Crime

Poverty, Discrimination and Relative Denial

Interconnections between Terrorism and Organized Crime

Groups

Abu Nidal organization (ANO)

The leftist National Liberation Army (ELN)

United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC)

The leftist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement)

Hizballah (Party of God)

Types of Crime which may also Finance Terrorist Activity 25

Drugs and Drug Cartels 25

Smuggling

Credit Card fraud

Donations 27

Religious "Zakat" tax 27

International Organizations 27

Internet 28

U.S. Concerns, Response and Possible scenarios 28

Conclusion 28

ibliography 30

Summary

This paper is about the threats of terrorism to Latin America. This research project will focus on an overview of Latin America terrorism issues and possible convergence with…...

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Bibliography." Communication Research Trends (2002): 12-14.

Murillo-Urrutia, Luis Gilberto. "Contemporary Challenges in Colombia: An Afro-Colombian Perspective ." The Journal of Pan African Studies (Online) (2007): 44-56.

-- . "Contemporary Challenges in Colombia: An Afro-Colombian Perspective ." Journal of Pan African Studies (2007): 567-589.

Perez, Ricardo Torres. "Economic Changes in Cuba: Current Situation and Perspectives ." Harvard International Review (2012): 33-45.

Procell, Richard,. "Global Security Challenges with Potential Links to Terrorism." Military Review (2002): 28-32.

Latin America Drug Trafficking to the United States: Why Making This Legal in the United States is Not a Good Option
Foreign Policy

Drug trafficking in Latin America is linked to many violent crimes including murder. Many people believe that were drugs that arrive from Latin America be legalized that the situation would be much easier to cope with allowing taxation on drug products. This work reviews why making drug trafficking by Latin American cartels to the United States is not a viable option. Indeed, were the United States to do so, the very principles and values of Democracy would be violated as these drug cartels are directly opposed to democratic principles and for these drug cartels to profit democracy would have to suffer greatly.

Latin American Countries and Drug Policy

United States drug policy toward the countries in Latin America is formulated by many factors and in fact so many various and diverse…...

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References

Gamarra, Eduardo A. (2005) State, Drug Policy and Democracy in the Andes. Andean Working Paper. Inter-American Dialogue. June 2005. Retrieved from:  http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/Gamarra%20-%20State,%20Drug%20Policy,%20and%20Democracy%20in%20the%20Andes%20%20 (June%202005).pdf

Koops, Megan (2009) "The Divide of the Coca Leaf: National Culture and the Drug Policies of Bolivia and the United States," SPNA Review: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, Article 3. Retrieved from:  http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/spnareview/vol5/iss1/3 

Kroeber, A.L. & Kluckholn, F. (1952). Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Cambridge: Peabody Museum in: Koops, Megan (2009) "The Divide of the Coca Leaf: National Culture and the Drug Policies of Bolivia and the United States," SPNA Review: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, Article 3. Retrieved from:

Under the next Emperor, William II, Germany took a more imperialistic course that led to a lot of friction with many of the neighboring countries, which was similar to the course that other European powers also took. After this took place the alliances that Germany had with various countries were not renewed by those countries, and when new alliances were created they did not include Germany in them.
France, specifically, was one of the countries that did not renew any alliances with Germany, and many other European countries followed suit. With the exception of Hungary and Austria, Germany found itself more and more alone. During this period of time Germany was reaching out and taking over parts of Africa, as were many other countries in Europe. However, this was causing a lot of tension between the larger powers in Europe and because of that problems were growing. It is believed…...

Argentina was the first country that experienced after the Second World War the rising of a regime that was claiming to be on the side of the working classes. It was led by Juan Peron. He gradually distanced himself from any democratic means of governing and was eventually overthrown by a coup d'etat, in 1955. From exile, Peron continued to influence the political scene in his country of origin. The regimes that followed were still unable to provide political stability, although the country was in economic progress. Peron was able to influence and lead the masses and his supporters once more so that he was reelected for the last time in 1793, in order to survive only until 1974 when he died, leaving his wife as his successor.

razil is an example of military coup after a successful democratic regime that followed closely the end of the Second World War. The…...

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Brazil is an example of military coup after a successful democratic regime that followed closely the end of the Second World War. The country was governed by a military authoritative regime from 1964 until 1985. During these years, Brazil was confronted with major socio-economic problems, political scandals, conflicts between the landowners and those living in the countryside that did not own any land etc.

Columbia was another country that was often devastated by political conflicts. Fights between the two opposing parties did not end once World War Two ended. The struggles for power went through, being fueled by assassination on one side or another. Various guerilla groups appeared during the 1960s. The violence increased at a different level when powerful drug cartels literally took over control in different areas off the country. They were also financial sources for the different political players, fueling the political war. A few joined forces with some guerilla groups, becoming armed and dangerous factions fighting for power and control.

The reasons for the political violence in the Latin American countries after the Second World War are diverse. They reflect not only huge social differences, social exclusion, gaps between the majority formed of poor and a handful of oligarchs, but they go deeper in history, on the traces of the first conquistadors. The fate of the Indians that were unfortunate enough to live during the times Cortez and his men set foot on this land was sealed by the sacrifice of millions of innocent natives. Latin America never really recovered after those wounds inflicted by the so called European civilized world. Natives, Creoles, slaves were brought together by the tides of history and thrown into a world that is still trying to find the resources of organizing itself.

Latin America: The National Period
Under serious threats to a country's national security, it is unavoidable to commit some abuses against freedom of the press and individual rights."

In his book, "Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number" Jacobo Timerman elaborates on his experiences as a journalist and political prisoner during Argentina's Peronist period. Because of his political views and ability to voice them in the liberal daily "La Opini n" he was deemed a threat to national security, and was subsequently stripped of his citizenship and became one of many Argentina's 'missing'. Unlike so many others, Timerman was fortunate enough to be released into Exile where he publicly denounced the Argentinean regime and brought to light the many atrocities against humanity.

Timerman recalls that the newspaper was called "an adversary of the military government for being terrorist, an adversary of mass culture for publishing sophisticated writers, an adversary of Christian morality…...

The consolidation of power was a successful venture and helped catapult the indigenous leader (Morales) into position to win re-election.
Columbia

Example number two looks closely into the successes and failures the indigenous groups had in the country of Columbia. The country of Columbia has a robust 81 distinct indigenous groups and has been financially and legally dominated via a two party system made up of Liberals and Conservatives (Van Cott, 2003). The strength and stability of the two party system kept any new 3rd or indigenous parties from being formed. A constitution was resurrected in 1991 so that Columbia could begin the process of weakening the stranglehold of the Liberal and Conservative parties (Van Cott, 2003).

The newly invoked constitution detailed five ways in which legislation would help the indigenous political parties. First, there was a creation of a single district for the National Constituent Assembly elections and the National senate,…...

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References

BBC news- profile: Bolivia. (2011, January). Retrieved from  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12166905 

Van Cott, D.L. (2003). Institutional change and ethnic parties in South America. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/3176978

Latin American Economy
Between years 1880 and 1930 the Latin American nations had an unprecedented amount of growth. Throughout Latin America, nations were increasing their revenue which led to stronger economies and consequently much stronger political structures and governmental support as well. This was largely due to the development of communication and the influence of American interests throughout the region. The increased levels of communication allowed more individuals to exchange products as well as ideas. ith this, there was a larger groups of potential consumers for products and services, meaning a dramatic increase in revenues collected.

hat are the basic characteristics of economic development in Latin America between 1880 and 1930?

Many Latin American nations utilize agriculture to support their economy. hen lines of trade became more widely-spread, these agricultural products were able to be exported to Europe and to the United States of America as well. All the economic development in Latin…...

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Works Cited:

Andrews, George Reid. "Black Workers in the Export Years: Latin America, 1880-1930."

Pittsburgh, PA. 1997. Print.

Skidmore, Thomas E., and Peter H. Smith. Modern Latin America. New York: Oxford UP, 1984.

Print.

Latin America
Both social and financial inequality has been a contentious issue within society for decades. Poverty, particularly in Latin America has been a large issue as countries become industrialized. As many Latin American countries develop, the poverty gap becomes wider. Many rallies, protests, political movements and government upheavals have been centered on the issue of inequality. Currently, the problem is exacerbated by the economic struggles of many around the world. As many economies become global in nature, so too do there interconnectedness. A fiscal or monetary policy in one nation will have adverse consequences for an unsuspecting nation in another. We need not look any further than the current economic calamity within Europe as proof. In the United States and abroad nations are taking defensive action in the event of a Euro zone default which would have cataclysmic consequences for the global economy. Even more profound is the nature of…...

However, despite the severe competition, the people of Latin America still hold the traditions of the church close to their hearts and give a lot of respect to religious figures (Jean-Pierre, 1998).
The relationship between the church and the government has been very closely bonded. The message coming from the religious quarters has been very finely tuned in line with the policies of the governments as well as the status quo. Contradiction and conflict does seem to exist on the surface, however, deep down the bond between the state actors and the church is very strong. Lately, the church has also power of becoming a very strong instrument of political and social campaign, capable of bargaining with the state actors so as to meet its own ends (Jean-Pierre, 1998).

The relationship between the church and the military has been perhaps the strongest of them all. Religion has been a major source…...

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Bibliography

Alvaro Llosa, Alvaro Vargas. Latin American liberalism: a mirage? Independent Review; 1/1/2002.

C. Rene Padilla. The future of Christianity in Latin America: missiological perspectives and challenges. International Bulletin of Missionary Research; 7/1/1999.

Catalina Romero. Globalization, civil society and religion from a Latin American standpoint. Sociology of Religion; 12/22/2001.

David Schrieberg. Dateline Latin America: the growing fury. (widespread discontent due to rising unemployment rates). Foreign Policy; 3/22/1997.

Economy of Latin America:
Short Overview

The economic situation of any specific geographic and geopolitical area is an integral part of the overall "picture" of the state of that area. Although much is said about the increasing "globalization" of the world economy -- that, essentially, the individual market areas of specific countries and regions are moving toward a single, world economy, there remain significant economic trends and pressures within varied geo-political areas that are quite unique. Indeed, although a so called "new economy" may be emerging in which all nations may be directly interconnected, that does not mean that all will be equal. Instead, it seems that there will be some nations (at least for a time), squarely on the top of the hill, while those countries that are already on the bottom will stay there as a result of their "top down" dependence. The economic situation of Latin America in…...

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Bibliography

CIA World Fact Book: Brazil, 2000 Retrieved from Web site on March 26, 2004 http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/br.html#econ

Koreisha, Sergio. My Brazil. Homepage. 1997. Retrieved from Web site on March 26, 2004  http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~sergiok/brasil.html 

Reynolds, Alan. "

The end of the affair?" Economist Feb 18, 2004.

195-196). The crushing poverty of the region, when combined with sometimes extreme civil rights abuses, led Catholic Church leaders in Latin America to establish Base Christian Communities (CBEs) committed to raising awareness of social injustices (Green, 2006, p. 206-208). As a result, many of the church and CBE leaders died at the hands of the military. These were the conditions in place when the Sandinistas expelled Somoza from power; therefore leftists in the neighboring dictatorships viewed the Sandinista victory as a way forward.
To prevent the domino theory from being realized, newly elected President eagan created an aggressive anti-leftist Latin American policy (Green, 2006, p. 65-66). The U.S. invaded Grenada and replaced the leftist government with a more 'friendly' one. In Nicaragua and El Salvador the U.S. funded proxy armies to undermine the Sandinistas and the Salvadoran guerillas, respectively. In Nicaragua, the Contras (proxy army) were able to weaken and…...

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References

Gilmour, S. (Reporter), & Brinkley, D. (Anchor). (1979, Aug. 2). Latin Dominoes: Will Nicaragua's Revolution Spread Over Central America? [Television series episode]. NBC Nightly News. Retrieved 8 Apr. 2013 from: https://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12/browse/?cuecard=45345.

Green, Duncan. (2006). Faces of Latin America. 3rd Ed. London, UK: Latin American Bureau.

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Nonverbal Communication: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

Nonverbal communication, often referred to as body language, is a form of expression that conveys messages without the use of words. It includes gestures, facial expressions, posture, and eye contact. Nonverbal communication plays a vital role in human interaction, conveying emotions, attitudes, and intentions. However, its significance and interpretation can vary widely across different cultures. This essay delves into the intricacies of nonverbal communication in various cultures, exploring how cultural factors influence the way people communicate nonverbally and the implications for cross-cultural communication.

1. Greetings:
Greetings set the tone for any interaction and often involve nonverbal cues.....

Essay Topics on the Global South in International Security

The Global South refers to developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. The Global South has a unique perspective on international security, which is often overlooked in mainstream discourses. This essay will explore the Global South's perspective on international security and its implications for global governance.

Topic 1: The Global South's Concept of Security

How do Global South countries define security?
What are the key threats to security in the Global South?
How does the Global South's concept of security differ from that of the Global North?

Topic 2: The Global South's....

In conclusion, Mexico operates under a mixed economic system that combines market economy and planned economy elements. This system promotes innovation, balances social responsibilities, and maintains a diverse economic structure. However, drawbacks such as excessive taxation, government monopolies, and ineffective regulations can hinder economic growth. The market structure in Mexico consists of dominant firms in sectors like telecommunications, cement, electricity, and petroleum. This structure impacts output, prices, and profitability, affecting consumers and producers differently based on the type of market power involved, such as oligopoly and monopoly. The COVID-19 pandemic has had both positive and negative impacts on households and....