S. domestic support for agricultural products and (2) its export guarantee credits for the same type of products. Practically, Brazil questioned the support offered by U.S. To its agricultural producers, the instruments used for this support and all additional programmes and support, such as Production Flexibility Contract payments. Moreover, the latin american country considered that the export guarantee credits offered by U.S. To its agricultural producers were more favourable than those available on the market in the same period of time. A panel disscussion has been requested in November 2007 and Argentina, Australia, Chile, China, the European Communities, India, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, South Africa, Chinese, Taipei, Thailand and Turket reserved their third-party rights. The case is still under dispute.
eference List
Chang, P.L. 2004. The Politics of WTO Enforcement Mechanism. School of Economics and Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Working Paper 259756.
Davey, W.J. 2005. The WTO Dispute Settlement System: How…...
mlaReference List
Chang, P.L. 2004. The Politics of WTO Enforcement Mechanism. School of Economics and Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Working Paper 259756.
Davey, W.J. 2005. The WTO Dispute Settlement System: How Have Developing Countries Fared? Illinois Public Law and Legal Theory Research Papers Series, Working Paper No. 05-17, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=862804
Fergusson, I.F. 2007. The World Trade Organization: Background Issues. CRS Report for Congress, http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/98-928.pdf
WTO, Accessed Sep 2008, www.wto.org
orld Trade Organization (TO) is an international body headquartered in Geneva that promotes world trade and enforces trade laws and regulations. The TO is the successor organization to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
, and started functioning on January 1, 1995. It has 146 member countries with 30 more countries having applied for membership. ("TO in Brief" -- Fact File) hile GATT's role was restricted to regulating trade in merchandise goods, TO has a much more expanded role that includes trade in services, and protection for intellectual property rights. Unlike GATT, it also has the powers for settling trade disputes between countries; its decisions are binding and may even supercede a sovereign country's own laws. ("orld Trade Organization" Encarta; Greenhouse, para-"hat is TO?")
TO and its predecessor GATT were established to promote world trade by lowering tariffs and trade barriers since it is believed by many economists that increased…...
mlaWorks Cited
Greenhouse, Steven. "The WTO and the Politics of Global Trade." Article in Encarta Yearbook, 2000.
"Top 12 Reasons to Oppose the WTO." Global Exchange Website. 2003. November 16, 2003
'World Trade Organization." Article in Encyclopedia Encarta. CD Rom Version, 2003
'World Trade Organization: In Brief." Official Website of the World Trade Organization. 2003. November 16, 2003
World Trade Organization (WTO)) can facilitate trading opportunities of your two chosen countries
The WTO through the GATT tries to help nations continue trade. This is done through 'The Doha ound' where the latest round of trade negotiations that seeks to redefine the international trading system with lower trade barriers and revised trade rules. It covers about twenty areas of trade. Also called the Doha Development Agenda it is focused on developing countries. This is an ideal activity for countries to see that their trade requirements and negotiations get under way. Launched at Doha, Qatar, in November 2001 the mandate sets up processes for the negotiations for specific industries and also services including the intellectual property. (WTO, 2012c) The second function is to eliminate tariffs, including the 'reduction or elimination of tariff peaks, high tariffs, and tariff escalation, as well as non-tariff barriers, in particular on products of export interest to…...
mlaReferences
Alon, Ilan. (2003) "Chinese Economic Transition and International Marketing Strategy."
Praeger: Westport, CT.
Boyer, Robert; Charron, Elsie; Jurgens, Ulrich; Tolliday, Steven. (1998) "Between Imitation
and Innovation: The Transfer and Hybridization of Productive Models in the International Automobile Industry." Oxford University Press: Oxford.
WTO Final Project The WTO agreements provide for MFN treatment with an intention of multilateralizing as well as liberalizing trade via the enhancement and promotion of service and trade equality between the World Trade Organization (WTO) member states. To be more specific, the MFN principle means that “under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners” (WTO, 2019). Thus, as WTO further suggests, no special favors should be advanced to anyone that are not accessible to other WTO members. The said favors in this case could include, but they are not limited to, lower customs duty rate for certain products. It should, however, be noted that the intention highlighted above no longer appears operational due to, in part, the incorporation of factors that conflict with the original purpose of the provision of the MFN treatment in WTO agreements. It is important to note that the burden of The…...
mlaReferences
Addo, K. (2014). Core Labor Standards and International Trade: Lessons from the Regional Context. New York, NY: Springer.Closa, C., Casini, L. & Sender, O. (2016). Comparative Regional Integration: Governance and Legal Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Cohn, T.H. (2008). Global Political Economy: Theory and Practice. Belmont, CA: Pearson Longman.McKinney, J.A. & Gardner, H.S. (Eds.). (2008). Economic Integration in the Americas. New York, NY: Routledge.Trost, F. (2008). Reconciling Trade Agreements with the Most Favored nation Principle in WTO-GATT. MqBJL, 5, 43-72.World Trade Organization - WTO (2019). Principles of the Trading System. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.htm
World Trade Organization (WTO). Specifically, it will summarize the mission statement of the WTO, and identify stakeholders and their respective position regarding the organization's future evolution. The charge has been made that the WTO enables multinational corporations to be intrusive to certain segments of societies. Evaluate whether the charge is valid and support your position with relative documentation and reasoning. What is the foreseeable future for the next ten years?
THE WOLD TADE OGANIZATION
What is the World Trade Organization? This multi-national group has more than 140 members, which account for over 97% of world trade. At this time, there are about 30 others discussing membership. The entire membership makes decisions, most usually by consensus. The WTO can use majority voting, but majority voting has never been used in the WTO, and was "extremely rare under the WTO's predecessor, GATT" (WTO.org). The main office is located in Geneva, Switzerland, and there…...
mlaReferences
Author not Available. "What is the WTO?" WorldTradeOrganization.org. 2003. 9 March 2003. http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/whatis_e.htm
Hoekman, Bernard M., and Michel M. Kostecki. The Political Economy of the World Trading System: From GATT to WTO. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Lovett, William A., Alfred E. Eckes, and Richard L. Brinkman. U.S. Trade Policy: History, Theory, and the WTO. Armonk, NY M.E. Sharpe, 1999.
McGillivray, Fiona. "Democratizing the World Trade Organization." Hoover Institution. 2000. 10 March 2003. http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/publications/epp/105/105b.html
China and the World Trade Organization
On December 11, 2001, China officially became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), opening the country's doors to change and a new economy.
One year after china's entry into the WTO, the country reported great success, showing better-than-expected economic growth and fulfillment of its WTO commitments, despite the shaky world economy.
The excellent performance of the Chinese economy was clearly demonstrated by its 8% growth rate for gross domestic product and the significant growth in trade and inflow of foreign direct investment.
As a result of its inception into the WTO, financial experts forecast that China will become the fifth trading country with an import-export volume worth U.S.$600 billion and one of the most attractive areas for foreign direct investment, which exceeded U.S.$50 billion in 2002 alone.
This paper discusses China's inception into the WTO and address the question of whether or not China's markets have expanded…...
mlaBibliography
Adhikari, R, Yongzheng Yang. (September 2002). What Will WTO Membership Mean for China and Its Trading Partners? Finance and Development Magazine, Volume 39, Number 3.
Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. (March 22, 2002). China's WTO Membership. Retrieved from the Internet on 3/25/03 at http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/negotiations/accession/wto_china.html.
Baker, Gerald. (January 11, 2000). Clinton pushes for China-WTO deal. World Tibet Network News.
Becker, Jasper. (2002). The Chinese. Oxford University Press.
accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001, China's laws regarding intellectual property rights were largely weak and ineffective, even though there were some laws on the books that were designed to protect these rights. Much of this ineffectiveness is attributed to the state-controlled economy that was in place that made observation and respect for domestic and international intellectual property rights dispensable. In its efforts to accede to the World Trade Organization and in response to pressure from the international community in general and the United States and European Union in particular, China has undertaken a number of significant reforms of its domestic and international regulatory framework that have been intended to harmonize its laws with those of the international community. While some observers continue to maintain that these efforts fall short of complete reform, most authorities agree that China has made significant strides in its efforts to make…...
mlaReferences
Aman, A.C., Jr. (1997). Administrative law for a new century. In M. Taggart (ed.), The province of administrative law. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
An, B. (2009). Intellectual property rights in information and communications technology standardization: High-profile disputes and potential for collaboration between the United
States and China. Texas International Law Journal, 45(1), 175-177.
Bhalla, S.S. (2008). Economic development and the role of currency undervaluation. The Cato
WTO and Developing World
World Trade Organization currently does not have a clear definition of a developing country. For this paper, we need to know what a developing country is in order to see if accession to WTO actually improves their economic situation and to see if they are treated fairly by the organization and its wealthier members. But we need to understand that since there is no clear definition of a developing country in WTO, we will use the general definition by the World Bank which states that a developing country is "a low- or middle-income country & #8230;in which most people have a lower standard of living with access to fewer goods and services than do most people in high income countries." (Nass et al. 2004, p. 221) Interestingly WTO allows member countries to decide for themselves if they would want to be categorized as a developing nation or…...
mlaReferences
The Economist (2000): A Survey of China: Now Comes the Hard Part, 8-14 April.
Hertel, T.W., W. Martin, K. Yanagishima and B. Dimaranan, (1996): Liberalizing Manufactures Trade in a Changing World Economy@, in W. Martin and A. Winters (eds.), The Uruguay Round and the Developing Economies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 7, 183-215.
Hertel, T.W., T.L. Walmsley and K. Itakura (2001): "Dynamic Effects of the "New Age" Free Trade Agreement between Japan and Singapore," Journal of Economic Integration, December, 16(4), 446-448.
Huang, Y. (2002): Selling China: Foreign Direct Investment During the Reform Era, Cambridge University Press.
Trade Agreements
There are significantly more trade agreements in the world than I would have predicted. A list of final agreements between the United States and individual countries indicates that the United States alone has trade agreements with nations ranging from Argentina to Zimbabwe, and an impressive number of other countries, including Canada, Brazil, Taiwan, ussia, Mongolia, Korea, Jordan, and Ghana (Foreign Agricultural Service). Other countries have similarly large numbers of agreements (Government of Alberta). Trade agreements in the future are likely to become more prominent, given the increasing pressures of globalization. As such, countries with reciprocal trade agreements are likely to be more economically viable than those that tend to isolate themselves from trade in an increasingly interdependent world.
International politics are linked closely to international trade. Often, it is difficult to distinguish whether politics or trade takes the lead in global affairs. As an example, many Western countries have long…...
mlaReferences
Foreign Agricultural Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Trade Agreements. FAS Online. Last modified: Wednesday, May 12, 2004. 04 June 2004. http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/agreements.html
Government of Alberta. Free Trade Agreements: Free Trade Agreements and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development. 04 June 2004. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/psc8323?opendocument
U.S. Canada Partnership for Growth. The Lumber Tariff Dispute - Let's Work it Out. 04 June 2004. http://www.partnershipforgrowth.org
World Trade
Discuss international trade issues and how they impact starting a business in Denmark and how it pursues doing business with other countries
Denmark has been following bilateral trade policy based on free trade. This has helped it penetrate major markets while keeping the balance between import and exports. Denmark has been successful in the policy and has a lot of products exported to the U.S. And these include pharmaceutical products, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; electrical machinery and equipment, and Denmark also imports from the U.S. The World Bank economic indicators for Denmark for the year 2010 show that the current purchasing power per capita -- PPP is at $40,290. (Panjiva, 2012)
Denmark has expanded its trade relations recently with Canada. They both have identical business strategies. Both are based on the agri-food export sectors. The knowledge industries and the agricultural sector and modern concepts like renewable energy, and…...
mlaReferences
Canada International. (2012) "Canada & Denmark trade" Retrieved 24 October 2012 from http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/denmark-danemark/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_denmark-danemark.aspx?lang=eng&view=d
Ebay.com. (2012a) "International trading policy" Retrieved 24 October 2012 from http://pages.ebay.com/help/policies/international-trading.html
Ebay.com. (2012b) "Welcome to the new ebay" Retrieved 24 October 2012 from http://announcements.ebay.com/2012/10/welcome-to-the-new-ebay/
EconomyWatch. (2010) "Denmark Export, Import and Trade"
hile most European nations state if a product has GMO technology it must be labeled, in America, consumers are accustomed to using GMOs with impunity, unaware if GMOs are present or not in the products they purchase -- and eat. The Europe Union has maintained "a voluntary eco-labeling program" in an effort to allow consumers to make informed choices ("Eco-labeling," hat's wrong, 2009). However, the U.S. commercial agricultural interests opposed even this policy, arguing that there is no evidence of a lack of safety attached to GMOs. American agricultural interests argued that the simple labeling of GMOs was anti-free trade and discriminatory, because it created the implication that a safe, usually American-produced product was possibly unsafe. "The issues were never resolved and the TO committees finally adopted a neutral report" ("Eco-labeling," hat's wrong, 2009).
The need to resolve difficult controversies regarding the free flow of trade between different nations is…...
mlaWorks Cited
"Greenhouse Gases Controversy." What's wrong with the WTO? August 7, 2009.
http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact1_e.htm
"Eco-Labeling Controversy." What's wrong with the WTO? August 7, 2009.
China's 2001 accession to the World Trade Organization has been regarded one of the country's most significant moves as far as its integration with the global economy is concerned. According to the author of the article I analyze in this text, one of the most significant consequences of the said accession "was the transformation of China's financial sector." From the onset, the author of this article correctly points out that over the years; the need for an overhaul of the Chinese financial sector was rather obvious. This is more so the case given the inefficient way in which loans were being extended by lenders. Indeed, the only way China could save its financial system from imminent collapse or stalling was through the opening up of its banking sector. In the words of the author, "immediately upon accession to the WTO, China's banking sector began to open to foreign banks."…...
A reduction in farm subsidies is stated to be necessary in order to improve access to market along with Common Agricultural Policy reforms, which should be "de-linked from production." Finally, stated as a requirement is that of a commitment for a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, which may be achieved "through market mechanisms..." (OECD, 2007) the OECD additionally states that structural reforms are required in addressing the challenges that the EU faces and while there is an improvement in terms of the economic prospects of the EU, "there is no room for complacency." (OECD, 2007) the OECD survey relates that the EU has the potential to play a critical role in the provision of solid conditional framework and the ongoing enhancement of the internal market in the EU.
The provision of the single market includes the wider range of goods access for consumers as well as a wider range of…...
mlaBibliography
Economic Survey of the European Union (2007) OECD Policy Brief. Sep 2007. Online available at www.oecd.org.
The European Union (2008) Environmental Aspects of Regional Trade Agreements. (2000) United Nations Environment Programme. International Institute for Sustainable Development. Online available at http://www.iisd.org/trade/handbook/7_2.htm
Cini, Michelle (2007) European Union Politics. 2007. Oxford University Press. Online Google Scholar Books at http://books.google.com/books?id=ZZf1839nw0gC&dq=European+Union:+Organizational+impact+on+market+and+trade&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0
Organizational Review of European Union
Of course, consumers knowing the country of origin of Toyota vehicles have done little to harm the dominance of that car over traditional American manufacturers like GM and Ford. But in some instances, if a particular nation has received bad press regarding its labor practices, mandatory labeling as an imported good might act as an additional invisible trade barrier. Also, if a nation is being subject to a particularly damaging round of international publicity regarding other aspects of its international policy, this may lead to a boycott of the nation's goods, and thus invisible tariffs can be constructed through simply the apparently innocuous policy of labeling nation's country of origin, in the supposed interest of consumer information.
orks Cited
Fliess, Barbara Carlos Busquets "The Role of Trade Barriers." OECD Trade Policy
orking Paper No. 45. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. 7 Mar 2007. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/25/37872326.pdf
Jennings, Horace. "Brazilian trade sets new highs as…...
mlaWorks Cited
Fliess, Barbara Carlos Busquets "The Role of Trade Barriers." OECD Trade Policy
Working Paper No. 45. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. 7 Mar 2007. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/25/37872326.pdf
Jennings, Horace. "Brazilian trade sets new highs as import barriers are lowered."
Business America.
Significance of the Study
This study is significant because it sheds light on a very important contributor to local and international trade. Trade fairs have a long history in providing a meeting place for buyers and sellers. They are an important channel of communication for B2B buyers and sellers. This is a significant area for study because there are limited channels of communication between B2B buyers and sellers. The previous sections have diversified the importance of communication to trade. B2B buyers and sellers cannot use mass channels of communication such as television advertising or newspaper advertising. In this market usage of personal visits and demonstrations are the common channels of marketing and communication. The B2B selling and marketing activities are less highlighted in research than B2C activities. Therefore, this study is significant because it explores a very important channel of marketing and communication in the B2B market.
The study is important for…...
mlaUFI.(2009). The Trade Fair Industry in Asia, 5th edition: A UFI report researched and compiled by Business Strategies Group Executive Summary -- for UFI members only." Business Strategies Group Ltd. [online] Available at [Accessed 10 May, 2012].http://www.ufi.org/media/membersarea/studies_reports/2009_bsg_report_summary_andorder_form.pdf
Viardot, E. (2004). Successful Marketing Strategy for High-Tech Firms. Volume 5. NY: Artech House
Yeshin, T. (2006). Sales Promotion. NY:Cengage Learning
The Anachronistic Nature of the WTO's Consensus-Based Decision-Making
The World Trade Organization (WTO) has long employed a consensus-based decision-making model, which requires all 164 member countries to agree unanimously on resolutions, policies, and agreements. While this approach served its purpose in the formative years of the WTO, it has become increasingly anachronistic and outdated in the complex and rapidly evolving global trade landscape of the 21st century.
The consensus requirement necessitates a meticulous process of negotiation and compromise, which can lead to slow decision-making or even gridlock. In an era marked by rapid technological advancements, global interconnectedness, and urgent challenges such as....
Consensus-Based Decision-Making in the WTO: An Anachronism in the 21st Century?
The World Trade Organization (WTO) has employed consensus-based decision-making as its primary mode of operation since its inception in 1995. This practice, which requires unanimous agreement among all member states, has been instrumental in fostering inclusivity and ensuring that decisions are acceptable to all parties. However, as the WTO navigates the complexities of the 21st century, the question arises: is consensus-based decision-making an anachronism that hinders the institution's effectiveness and relevance?
Anachronistic Nature of Consensus-Based Decision-Making
The consensus-based approach, once hailed as a virtue of the WTO, has increasingly become a liability....
Strategies to Accelerate AFCFTA Implementation for Enhancing Trade in Services in Africa
The African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) holds immense potential for fostering trade in services across the continent. However, its implementation requires the adoption of targeted strategies to overcome existing barriers and leverage opportunities.
1. Policy Harmonization and Regulatory Alignment:
Harmonizing regulations and standards across borders reduces trade costs and improves market access.
Establishing clear guidelines for cross-border service provision, including licensing, certification, and recognition of qualifications.
Implementing mutual recognition agreements facilitates the seamless movement of professionals and service providers between countries.
2. Infrastructure Development and Connectivity:
Investing in reliable and....
1. International trade plays a crucial role in global economic development by promoting specialization and efficiency among countries, leading to increased productivity and overall growth.
2. The expansion of international trade has facilitated the transfer of technology and knowledge across borders, allowing developing countries to adopt advanced techniques and improve their production capabilities.
3. International trade has the potential to reduce poverty and inequality worldwide by creating job opportunities, increasing wages, and providing access to a wider range of goods and services for consumers.
4. Global economic development is positively influenced by international trade through the creation of economies of scale, which enable....
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