While there is logic in the argument that HPV could be prevented by abstinence, it is not a rationale statement. There isn't any way that people will stop having sex. While we all know that abstinence can prevent teen or unwanted pregnancies and sexually-transmitted diseases -- even the emergence of HIV / AIDS did not stop people from having sex.
The HPV vaccine should be available to all girls and women who want to take an extra step in protecting themselves from the risk of HPV symptoms and cervical cancer. Acceptance of the vaccine is important and must not be considered something that is justifying promiscuity -- rather, it is important to remember that nearly all people who are sexually active will get HPV at some point in their lives. If we consider this, making the HPV vaccine a normal preventative measure isn't just common sense, but it is the…...
mlaReferences:
CBC. "The debate over HPV inoculations." 2009. Retrieved on June 25, 2010, from the Web site: http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2009/08/19/gardasil-hpv-vaccine-explainer263.html
Haug, Charlotte J. (2008). "Human papillomavirus -- reasons for caution." The New
England Journal of Medicine, volume 359:861-862. No. 8.
Norsigian, Judy., Priest, Alice., & Barnett, Robin. (2007). "Gardasil: What you need to know about the HPV vaccine." The Canadian women's health network. Retrieved on June 22, 2010, from the Web site:
On the other side of the issue, no one should have the right to choose what needs to be done on an issue that is so pertinent to the individual (ichardson). There are potentially too many risks involved in getting this vaccine that mandating someone to get it is far too risky (CDC). The vaccine is a relatively new development and making it a requirement to enter school is immoral because the system is forcing these young girls to get something that they might not be ready for, especially at such a young age. They are deciding what will be best for these young girls when no one truly knows the long-term implications of something like this. No one is giving these girls the moral and legal right to choose what would be best for their own bodies, and that is the moral issue in question here. If a young…...
mlaReferences:
"Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine." Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 7 March 2011. n.p. 29 May 2011http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Vaccines/HPV/index.html .
Richardson, Henry. "Moral Reasoning" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 4 August 2007. Stanford University. 29 May 2011.http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reasoning-moral/#2.7
Munson, Ronald. "Intervention and Reflection: Basic Issues in Bioethics." Wadsworth Publishing. 2011. p.103
Sociology - HPV Vaccine
In 2006, Gardasil was approved for U.S. distribution as a vaccine for HPV (human papillomavirus), which causes approximately 70% of worldwide cervical cancer cases. The vaccine is given in three doses and protects against many cervical cancers along with the causes of 90% of genital warts. The controversy for some people comes in as it pertains to age, because Gardasil is recommended for girls between 11 and 12 years of age, and as young as nine. Females up to 21 years of age can get the vaccine if they have not already been vaccinated, and women older than 21 are not eligible - presumably because they are more likely to be in relationships where they are less promiscuous. However, this is not always the case. There are many medical discussions surrounding Gardasil, but there is more than medicine to be considered where the vaccine is concerned. It…...
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in the United States of America. It also discusses its association with different diseases. It highlights the role played by federal and state government to control this disease from preventing. In addition to that this paper also discusses whether the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination should be made mandatory for girls entering sixth grade or not.
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) can be defined as a group of viruses that have almost hundred types. About forty of these types are very dangerous for the genital area. They infect the areas such as skin of penis, vulva or anus. They also harm the vaginal lining, rectum and cervix. High risk is associated with some of these types and they can lead towards high abnormalities in pap tests and they may cause various cancers, including cervical cancer. Whereas, some of these types have low risk and they cause low…...
mlaReferences
(2011). Recommendations on the use of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in males -- advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP), 2011.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(50), 1705-1708. Retrieved from http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/cdc/immunization/alerts-hpv-acip-recommendations.pdf
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (2012).Vaccine information statement. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-hpv-gardasil.pdf
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (2012).HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine Cervarix® what you need to know. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-hpv-cervarix.pdf
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (2012).The advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient-ed/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-acip-color-office.pdf
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for young women. Cervical cancer is a common cancer in women, but it can be totally avoided if a young woman receives the HPV vaccine before she contracts the disease.
The HPV vaccine was approved by the FDA in 2006, which means it is safe according to their studies. They mean it primarily for young women, to prevent cervical cancer from occurring. Women between the ages of 9 and 26 are primary candidates for the vaccine, according to the FDA (Vamos, McDermott & Daley, 2008). If a woman has already contracted cervical cancer, it will not cure the disease, and it is only effective against the two most common types of cervical cancer. That being said, it is a known way to ward off cervical cancer, and states should mandate it for their young women, it will save health care costs, and more importantly, save lives.
HPV…...
mlaReferences
Daley, E.M., & McDermott, R.J. (2007). The HPV vaccine: Separating politics from science -- A commentary. American Journal of Health Education, 38(3), 177+.
Vamos, C.A., McDermott, R.J., & Daley, E.M. (2008). The HPV vaccine: Framing the arguments for and against mandatory vaccination of all middle school girls. Journal of School Health, 78(6), 302+.
Preferably, females should be vaccinated before onset of sexual activity. Sexually active females may also benefit from vaccination since there are very few young women are infected with all four HPV types that are targeted by the vaccine. Females who already have been infected with one or more HPV types would still get protection from the vaccine types they have not yet been exposed to. At the present time there is no test available for clinical use to determine whether a female has had any or all of the four HPV types targeted by the vaccine (HPV Vaccine Information for Clinicians, 2008).
The only way to prevent the spread of HPV and reduce the amount of cervical cancer cases that exist is to make the HPV vaccination mandatory. Those who argue against making the vaccination mandatory often claim that providing the vaccine will encourage promiscuity. This was the same argument…...
mlaReference List
Boskey, Elizabeth. (2007). Should States Be Allowed to Mandate the HPV Vaccine? Retrieved
November 2, 2009, from About.com Web site:
http://std.about.com/od/stdsinthemedia/i/hpvmandatevac.htm
HPV Vaccine Information for Clinicians. (2008). Retrieved November 2, 2009, from Center for Disease Control and Prevention Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-vaccine-hcp.htm
HPV Case Study
The author of this report has been asked to assess and reflect upon a public health dilemma. In particular, the issue is whether HPV vaccination should be mandated or at least widely encouraged on a wide-spread or targeted basis. Unlike other vaccines such as those for polio, the measles, mumps, rubella and pneumonia, HPV cannot be contracted through casual contact. Indeed, sexual contact is really the only way to get it. At the same time, not being protected against HPV can cause cervical cancer in women. While there are certainly detractors when it comes to vaccines, the efficacy and importance of those vaccines cannot be understated or under sold.
The main dilemma cited is that HPV is not transmittable through anything other than sexual contact. While this may lessen the chances of it being passed from person to person, most everyone will engage in sexual contact at some point…...
mlaReferences
Bohlin, R. (2016). The Epidemic of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Leaderu.com. Retrieved 17 March 2016, from http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/epid-std.html
CDC. (2016). CDC Press Releases. CDC. Retrieved 17 March 2016, from http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0424-immunization-program.html
Thornicroft, G., Brohan, E., Kassam, A., & Lewis-Holmes, E. (2008). Reducing stigma and discrimination: candidate interventions. Int J Ment Health Syst, 2(1), 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-2-3
Weissmann, J. (2014). For Millennials, Out-of-Wedlock Childbirth Is the Norm. Now What?. Slate Magazine. Retrieved 17 March 2016, from http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2014/06/for_millennials_out_of_wedlock_childbirth_is_the_norm_now_what.html
Perhaps the latter sentiment may be regarded as baseless speculation, but as we shall see after this section, there are a number of researchers whose view supports such a sentiment. Nonetheless, here is the report made available by the mainstream media in 2009:
CDC and FDA researchers wrote in the Journal of the American Medical Association that problems such as fainting and nausea remained rare among females who received Gardasil and the vaccine did not appear to be causing unusual side effects. The researchers said 32 deaths were listed in a government database that collects reports of health problems seen in people after vaccination. The reports show only that a patient became ill or died after receiving a vaccine, not that a vaccine was the cause. The FDA and CDC statement said 'concerns have been raised about' the reports of deaths of people who received Gardasil. 'There was not a…...
mlaWorks Cited
Amiya, N. "Va Vaccines for human papillomavirus infection: A critical analysis." Publikationsansicht. 2009. Web. 15 Oct 2011.
Brinkman, S. "Gardasil Researcher Drops a Bombshell." The Bulletin. 2009. Web. 15
Oct 2011.
"Gardasil Vaccine Safety." FDA. 2009. Web. 15 Oct 2011.
Assuming all those issues are addressed, mandatory HPV vaccination may be a good idea for all children and the option should be made available to adults and funded, at least in part, by government funds and profit limitations on vaccine sales. EFEENCES
Allen, Terry, J. Merck's Murky Dealings: HPV Vaccine Lobby Backfires; Corpwatch (March 7, 2008). etrieved March 26, 2008, from Corpwatch: Holding Corporations Accountable website, at http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=14401
Pharmaceutical News (March 5, 2008) Safety of Merck's HPV Vaccine Gardasil 'Lost' in Debate. etrieved March 26, 2008, from News-Medical.net…...
mlaREFERENCES
Allen, Terry, J. Merck's Murky Dealings: HPV Vaccine Lobby Backfires; Corpwatch (March 7, 2008). Retrieved March 26, 2008, from Corpwatch: Holding Corporations Accountable website, at http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=14401
Pharmaceutical News (March 5, 2008) Safety of Merck's HPV Vaccine Gardasil 'Lost' in Debate. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from News-Medical.net website, at http://www.news-medical.net/?id=22415 .
THEOETICAL APPLICATION 8Theoretical Application AssignmentPart One: The Health Belief Model and HPV Vaccination Uptake among Young AdultsCervical cancer is a fundamental health concern for nations globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine as an effective way to prevent HPV-related conditions, including cervical cancer (Alsulami et al., 2023). The vaccine is available for young children aged between 9 and 12, although young adults aged between 13 and 26 could also receive a catch-up immunization if they did not begin or complete the vaccination series before age 12 (Alsulami et al., 2023). According to Kamolratanakul and Pitisuttithum (2021), the HPV vaccine is 80 percent effective in preventing HPV-related infections. However, the uptake of the HPV vaccine among young adults in the United States and globally remains low. The health belief model provides a framework for understanding the possible reasons for this trend.The Health Belief ModelThe health belief…...
mlaReferencesAlsulami, F., Sanchez, J., Rabionet, S., Popovici, L., & Baraka, M. A. (2023). Predictor of HPV vaccine uptake among foreign-born college students in the US: An exploration of the role of acculturation and the health belief model. Vaccines, 11(2), 422. DOI. 10.3390/vaccines11020422Boston University (2022). The Theory of planned behavior. Boston University. J., Ferdous, T., & Shokar, N. (2020). HPV vaccine beliefs and correlates of uptake among Hispanic women and their children on the US-Mexico border. Cancer Control, 27(1), 1-9. DOI. 10.1177/1073274820968881Donadiki, E. M., Jimenez,-Garcia, R., Hernandez-Barrera, V., Sourtzi, P., Carrasco-Garrido, P., Andres, A., Jimenez-Trujillo, I., & Velonakis, E. G. (2014). Health belief model applied to non-compliance with HPV vaccine among female university students. Public Health, 128(3), 268-273. DOI. 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.12.004 Kamolratanakul, S., & Pitisuttithum, P. (2021). Human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy and effectiveness against cancer. Vaccines, 9(12), 1413. DOI. 10.3390/vaccines9121413 Sabouri, M., Shakibazadeh, E., Mohebbi, B., Tol, A., Yaseri, M., & Babaee, S. (2020). Effectiveness of an educational intervention using theory of planned behavior on healthcare empowerment among married reproductive-age women: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9(1), 1-8. https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/BehavioralChangeTheories3.html Calderon-Mora,
SDG CEVICAL CANCE 7Empowering Societies to be Free of Cervical Cancer Project by the Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program (BCCSP)Section 1: IntroductionThe Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program (BCCSP) is an initiative of the Doctors Community Hospital in Prince George County, Maryland. The program began as a center offering free breast cancer education and screening to low-income women (age 40 or older) residing in Prince George County. However, with the rising cases of cervical cancer across the state, the BCCSP decided to expand its scope to cover cervical cancer and also move beyond screening and education to offer subsidized treatment and support to patients. The BCCSP is funded by the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. The program proposes to implement a project dubbed Empowering Societies to be Free of Cervical Cancer between January 2024 and December 2025. The programs clinical team comprises of seven directors of medicine…...
mlaReferences National Cancer Institute (2022). Cancer stat facts: Cervical cancer. National Cancer Institute. A. F., & Oshifogun, B. (2022). Perspectives of African-American women about barriers to breast cancer prevention and screening practices: a qualitative study. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 26(7), 22-28. Shah, J. S., Jooya, N. D., Woodard, T. L., Ramirez, P. T., Fleming, N. D., & Frumovitz, M. (2019). Reproductive counseling and pregnancy outcomes after radical trachelectomy for early stage cervical cancer. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology, 30(3), 1-10. United Nations (2023). Sustainable development goals: Goal 3 – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. United Nations. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/ World Health Organization, WHO (2022). Cervical cancer. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html Obinkule,
Hispanics and 40,375,000 African-Americans live in the United States and the respective percentages of these population groups are projected to continue to increase well into the foreseeable future. The purpose of this study was to provide descriptions of these two cultures and why they are of interest as well as a comparison of similarities and differences related to time orientation, communication, physical and mental health, group relationships, and perceptions and measures of intelligence between these two population groups. The study also presents a description of the theoretical framework that guided the analysis of both of these cultures as well as an explanation concerning how each culture influences human development, identity development, and personality development within it. An examination concerning how each culture influences the expression of emotion, the development of morality, gender, aggression, and marital fidelity and an explanation concerning potential biases that may influence the analysis of these…...
mlaReferences
Brown, D. (2002, Winter). The role of work and cultural values in occupational choice, satisfaction, and success: A theoretical statement. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80(1), 48-51.
Buzi, R. S. & Weinman, M. L. (2010, Summer). Depression and risk behaviors among males attending family planning clinics. International Journal of Men's Health, 9(2), 91-93.
Carter-Parker, K., Edwards, K. A. & McCleary-Jones, V. (2012, Summer). Correlates of physical activity and the theory of planned behavior between African-American women who are physically active and those who are not. The ABNF Journal, 51-58.
Choi, K-H, Paul, J., Ayala, G., Boylan, R. & Gregorich, S. E. (2013, March 14). Experiences of discrimination and their impact on the mental health among African-American, Asian and Pacific Islander, and Latino men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 1-7.
Technology and the Development of Modern Medicine
The 20th century saw a seismic change in the perception of the human body, and the relationship of patients to physicians and other aspects of modern medicine. With the recent coronavirus pandemic, of course, the focus upon technology and medical developments has become a matter of global importance. Vaccines and innovative drugs were not solely innovations of the past century, but they extent to which they were proven safe and effective is relatively new. The relationship between providers and patients has likewise changed, as well as expectations about treatment.
Vaccination and Immunization Technology
Infectious disease was once an accepted part of modern life. However, the first smallpox vaccines were developed as early as the late 18th century. Safety of vaccines could not always be guaranteed, however. Inactivation of bacteria via heat or chemical treatment to confer immunity status was developed by the very end of the…...
mlaWorks Cited
Earl, Leslie. “How Sulfa Drugs Work.” National Institute of Health. March 12, 2012. Web. December 20, 2020. drugs-workGaynes, Robert. “The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use.” Emerging Infectious Diseases vol. 23, 5 (2017): 849–853. Web. December 20, 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403050/ Palca, Joe. “The Race For A Polio Vaccine Differed From The Quest To Prevent Coronavirus.” NPR. May 22, 2020. Web. December 20, 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/health - shots/2020/05/22/860789014/the-race-for-a-polio-vaccine-differed-from-the-quest-to- prevent-coronavirusPlotkin, Stanley. “History of vaccination.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 111, 34 (2014): 12283-7. December 20, 2020. Web. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4151719/pdf/pnas.201400472.pdf Quianzon, Celeste C, and Issam Cheikh. “History of Insulin.” Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, vol. 2, 2 10.3402/jchimp.v2i2.18701. July 16, 2012. Web. December 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3714061/ https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-sulfa-
38 per share on the company's common stock for the first quarter of 2005. The dividend is payable January 3, 2005 to stockholders of records at the close of business on December 3, 2004. Growth in the ZETIA and VYTORIN franchises are expected to continue. T
There are currently several candidates in Phase III that Merck plans to file in 2005 as well as Type 2 diabetes treatment and three vaccines. The fourth-quarter 2004 EPS anticipation is stated to be $0.48 to $0.53, which includes the impact of approximately "$700 to $750 million foregone sales of VIOXX. The result is anticipation by Merck for EPS guidance (2004 full-year) of $2.59 to $2.64. These amounts include withdrawal impact and next years negative affects of the DPS by $0.50 to $0.55."
Merck & Co., Inc. announced in a recent report that they had made submission to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) PROQUAD,…...
mlaBibliography:
"Merck Board Appoints Special Committee to Review VIOXX Withdrawal" 2004 Dec 2 Whitehouse Stations, N.J. [Online] available at: room/press_releases/corporate/2004_1207.htmlhttp://www.merck.com/news
The global pharmaceutical market in 2000 - North America sets the pace (nd) [Online] available at: / news_ story _010 314.htmhttp://www.ims-global.com/insight/news_story/0103
Merck Announces Voluntary Worldwide Withdrawal of Vioxx 2004 Sep 30 [Online] available at: http://www.vioxx.com/rofecoxib/vioxx/hcp/hcp_notification_physicians.jsp
Paraphrased
Little is known about abnormal cervical cancer screening results of women who are behind bars. he test was conducted by using data from two cross-sectional surveys of women in jails and community corrections about their history of abnormal pap tests. Univariate analyses (analysis of variance [ANOVA] and chi-square) and a binary logistic regression analysis were conducted to test associations between histories of abnormal Pap testing and factors known to be associated with cervical cancer.
Women in jails and prisons are at high risk for cervical cancer, and cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer among female prisoners,"(Binswanger et al., 2011, p.2). Women behind bars have greater odds than the general population of having cervical cancer. Pap testing (cervical cytology) is a way to detect precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions by identifying women who need further diagnosis and treatment. Few studies of cervical cancer or screening have included women…...
mlaThe survey found that 40% of the participants did not have a healthcare provider or health insurance to be able to have a cervical cancer screening done prior to their arrival in jail. "Women in jail and under community justice supervision reported a high prevalence of risk factors for cervical cancer. Because of their high prevalence of abnormal Pap testing, women in criminal justice settings may be appropriate targets for improved cervical cancer screening, prevention with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, risk reduction education, and treatment," (Binswanger et al., 2011, p.1).
Response:
I do not believe that the testing used actually compares women in custody or non-custodial supervision programs with women in the general population. Therefore, I find some of the statements about them being at greater risk than the general population to be conclusory; I would have liked to see comparisons with the general population in the same geographic area. I say this because I do not believe that, in some geographic areas, a lack of access to healthcare screening is that unusual. Therefore, I would have liked to see the comparisons between the people in the study and people in the same geographic area. However, even if this were true, it would not suggest that women in prisons or non-custodial settings should not be subjected to higher preventative healthcare screenings; it simply suggests that people in the general population should have greater access to healthcare.
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