This paper examines Saint Anselm of Canterbury's Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man), focusing on his philosophical and scriptural treatment of sin, atonement, and the Incarnation of Christ. The paper outlines Anselm's concept of sin as a failure to render God his due, his view of humanity's original holy state, and his understanding of justice and balance in the relationship between God and mankind. It also evaluates how Anselm's Socratic dialogue format and direct engagement with scripture make his theological arguments both accessible and rationally compelling, drawing connections between his claims and key passages from both the Old and New Testaments.
Saint Anselm of Canterbury was "one of the most important Christian thinkers of the eleventh century" (Sadler). This is because Anselm used reasoned philosophical argument to address theological questions. In Cur Deus Homo, or Why God Became Man, he addresses the Incarnation of Christ and the theme of atonement for sin from this philosophical perspective. Anselm distinguishes between "different ways in which an action or state can be just or unjust, specifically just and unjust at the same time" (Sadler).
Why God Became Man is divided into two sections. The first part addresses sin and redemption in a general fashion. Anselm outlines the concept of sin as fulfilling the satisfaction of God, which is related to the concept of being indebted to God. This is outlined most clearly in Chapter 11 of Book 1. The author states, "To sin is nothing else than not to render to God his due." The author seems to be suggesting a radical notion of original sin, in which God purposefully enabled man to sin in order to execute the act of the Incarnation and the return to God. Anselm claims, "Every wish of a rational creature should be subject to the will of God" (Book 1, Chapter 11).
Anselm's concept of the relationship between human beings and God is dependent on a sense of balance and justice. His arguments are presented in Socratic dialogue format, which is appealing to the reader and appropriate for a rational and philosophical debate. Boso and Anselm engage in a deep, meditative conversation about various ethical and theological concerns regarding the nature of God, the nature of sin, and the nature of forgiveness. Anselm covers a wide range of themes and helps the reader better understand the purpose of Christ.
Anselm's argument is rational and philosophical, firmly grounded in scripture. "Therefore man, whose nature is rational, was made holy for this end, that he might be happy in enjoying God" (Chapter 1, Book 2). The author's understanding of the nature of sin and of salvation is entirely consistent with Biblical teachings. "So now there is no condemnation for those who belong to Christ Jesus" (Romans 8:1). Anselm makes statements such as "had man never sinned he never would have died" (Chapter 2, Book 2). The Bible teaches that through salvation we achieve eternal life, restoring humanity to its original holy state.
For Anselm, the original state of humanity was holy (Chapter 1, Book 2), and suffering enters only through sin. The satisfaction theory of atonement that Anselm develops rests on this foundation: because sin creates an infinite debt owed to God, only a being who is both fully divine and fully human — Christ — can adequately pay it. This framework gives the Incarnation a logical necessity that Anselm carefully builds across both books of his treatise.
"Anselm's claims tested against Biblical scripture"
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