Philosophers such as John Locke and the Founding Fathers of the American Revolution demanded that the rights of the individual be acknowledged by the leading social governing body. But even today, the balance between the rights of the individual and the state is an imperfect one: to what degree do individuals have a right to critique the government, to set their own moral terms of the private behavior, and what ethical as well as legal obligations does the individual have to the community? America's intense individualism tends to deemphasize the obligations of citizens to others.
A third controversial development during this period was the development of capitalism. Before capitalism, the self-sustaining farm or fiefdom was the predominant economic mode. However, mechanized and specialized labor that took the form of wage labor where "humans work for wages rather than for product" became more common (Hooker, 1996, capitalism). Arguably, in a Marxist…...

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Works Cited

Hooker, Richard. (1996). Capitalism. European Enlightenment Glossary.

Retrieved August 3, 2009 at  http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/CAPITAL.htm 

Hooker, Richard. (1996). The divine right of kings. European Enlightenment Glossary.

Retrieved August 3, 2009 at  http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/DIVRIGHT.htm

He commits depraved acts by which he offends God, his neighbor, and himself; shameful acts by which he defiles his name, his person, and his conscience; and vain acts which he ignores all things important, useful and necessary." It became the responsibility of man to scorn the present while making sure of the future with a correct set values. The soul God created is held by the malevolent flesh, and salvation is only possible only through holy living and good works and solely through the Church. At death, if the person's spirituality and belief was strong enough salvation will come. But nothing can help the damned.
Yet, for those who lived in the 1400s with the philosopher Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola, human life was considered so much better. Based on the Great Chain of Being, there were but two classes of people: Nobles and Commoners with man gradations in between.…...

Middle Age Crusade:
The Middle Ages Crusades were a succession of holy wars initiated by the European Christian states against the Saracens i.e. The Moslem during this period. These holy wars were known as crusades because the term was derived from a French old word that means the cross. hile the crusades are classified into two major categories, they began in 1095 when Pope Claremont preached at the council of Claremont. The two categories of the crusades were the Principal Crusades i.e. The first four holy wars and the Minor Crusades i.e. The last four wars.

Causes and Objectives of the Crusades:

The Middle Ages Crusades were great military expeditions conducted by Christian nations within the European region to rescue Palestine's holy places from the control of Mohammedans ("The Crusades" par, 1). Therefore, the main cause of the crusades was war between Christian and Moslems that focused on the city of Jerusalem.…...

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Works Cited:

Carr, Karen. "The Seventh Crusade." Kidipede - History for Kids - Homework Help for Middle School Social Studies. Dr. Karen Carr, 20 Oct. 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. .

"Crusades." HowStuffWorks - Making You an Expert on Everything. HowStuffWorks, Inc. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. .

"The Crusades." Middle Ages. The Middle Ages Website. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. .

"THE CRUSADES TO THE HOLY LAND." JESUS CHRIST OUR SAVIOR. Jesuschristsavior.net. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. .

Middle Ages and the Renaissance are two historical periods in Europe that give interest to many philosophers, writers, and artists, among many others, in their study of how the Europeans, in their respective periods, lived their lives. In the study of the Middle Ages, sometimes also known as the "Dark Ages," and the Renaissance, also known as the period of "rebirth," similarities and differences can be presented based on the people's way of life, religion, culture, politics, arts and literature, and economy.
One main difference between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is the way people value individuality. The people of the Middle Ages were guided by the teachings of their religion and church, which in contrast to the Renaissance whose people adhere more of individualism, valuing their potential of gaining achievements in life. Renaissance has been known as an era in which Europe emerged from depression and economic stagnation…...

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Bibliography

Annenberg/CPB. "Renaissance - Printing and Thinking."

Renaissance, What Inspired this Age of Balance and Order." 1997-2002.

Annenberg/CPB Learner.Org. 5 Dec. 2002.  http://www.learner.org/exhibits/renaissance/printing.html 

Chaffey Classes of '99, '00, & '01. "Contrasting the Renaissance and Later Middle Ages."

Technology and education were booming, as inventions of the cannon and gunpowder changed the face of war, compasses and clocks improved tremendously, and universities taught advanced mathematics in a new setting. These advances could only mean an introduction to a new age where war became civilized, everyday life became easier and books and education changed the meaning of the phrase "upper-class." Music and the fine arts flourished with the advent of new musical instruments and polyphony, and new kinds of paint for visual artists.

Large nations had been formed out of the smaller city-states, consolidating small kingdoms in Italy and England. France and England's Hundred Years' War put land and taxes into the hands of royalty. ut the people were growing dissatisfied with the Church which had instituted "papal indulgences," leading the wealthy to become more corrupt as they could purchase forgiveness. Pope Martin V replaced a series of popes, who…...

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Britannica, Ibid.

Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment, Frank M.Turner, (1993). The Western Heritage: Since 1300, eighth edition, Prentice Hall.

Barbara H. Rosenwein. 2001. A Short History of the Middle Ages. Broadview Press.

living in the Middle Ages. What new things are available for you to experience?
The prelude to modernism

The history that establishes origin and evolution of the modern society has its basis from the ancient time. Initially, the world and society featured various practices that today we may perceive as being barbaric and outdated. However, it is essential to acknowledge that it is through the various ages of revolution that the world has what it enjoys today. The beginning of the revolution era was the period of modernization, which began towards the end of the tenth century. Living in that era of modernization, the following are some of the experiences and events that happened to shape the society and world at large. In this year, there was increased danger to the Roman Catholic Church, which at that moment had the overall authority and recognition over the world dynasties. Thus, living in…...

Middle Ages and the Renaissance
The Medici Family was the most powerful and influential Florentine family from the 13th through the 17th century (Medici pp). This family produced three popes, numerous rulers of Florence, and eventually members of the French royalty (Medici pp).

From humble beginnings, the family achieved power through banking, in fact the Medici Bank was one of the most prosperous and respected banking institution in Europe, and it is from this base, that the family acquired political power, first in Florence, and then later throughout Italy and the rest of Europe (Medici pp).

Cosimo de Medici is considered to be the real founder of the family's fortune and in 1434, he controlled the government in Florence, and for the next sixty years ruled Florence although he had no official title (Medici1 pp). His son, Lorenzo, was also a powerful influence in Italian politics, yet like his father, held no…...

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Work Cited

The Kennedys. Retrieved October 30, 2005 from:

 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/timeline/ 

Medici. Retrieved October 30, 2005 from:

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici

Fashion
Early Middle Ages

The fashion of designer Marc Jacobs, which appeared on the runway in the fall of 2008, could have been inspired by the fashion of European Early Middle Ages. The runway pieces, shown above[footnoteef:1], show five traits found in fashion of the early middle ages: simplicity, loose, color, layering, and head covering. [1: Style.com, (Accessed Nov 28, 2010)]

Women's clothing of the early middle ages was loose and somewhat shapeless. In the early middle ages, women wore ankle length gowns or tunics in layers. The under garment, called a chainse or cainsil, was a long white tunic usually pleated, made of fine linen that had long sleeves that fit at the wrists. The outer layer, sometimes hiked up to knee length adding texture and additional fullness, was shorter. For the outermost layer, women wore semi-circular cloaks which were long in the back and shorter in the front.

The first photo demonstrates…...

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References

Brooke, Iris. English Costume from the Early Middle Ages Through the Sixteenth Century. Dover Publications, 2000. Print.

Ancient, Early Church, Middle Ages, and Renaissance Civilizations to the Contemporary Western Civilization
Two primary civilizations had emerged to form the first civilization of mankind -- that of the Mesopotamia, and Egyptian civilizations. Although other important civilizations had been formed during the ancient times such as the Sumerian and Akkadian empires, the important contributions and use of innovations and progress of the three aforementioned civilizations had influenced and developed the Western Civilization of today, thus, the focus of this paper will be on the contributions of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilization to the present civilization of mankind.

One of the primary contributions of the ancient civilization to the Western civilization is the development of a water irrigation system. Through the development of water irrigation system, the Mesopotamians were able to cultivate plants as their food, giving way to the development of agriculture. The need to establish laws regarding irrigation control and…...

All classes of people during the Middle Ages were averse to bathing, as it was seen as a way to care for the body. The body was not respected in any sense, and was neglected as much as possible. Indeed, many saw the fleas and lice that resulted from a prolonged lack of sanitation and hygiene as simply part of the body and hence of sin.

The combination of early Christianity with the folk medicines and beliefs of the invading Germanic forces also resulted in a new conception of how healing was to be achieved during the Middle Ages. The root of disease was considered to be supernatural; the afflicted had sinned or was possessed by something evil. In earlier Germanic folk wisdom, it was also believed that illness resulted from noxious darts from elves, deleterious snakes, and venomous dragons.

During the time, there was a variety of options the Christian could…...

Chivalry and knighthood were also important during the Middle Ages. From this group of men, we learned that people from this era had a tremendous amount of respect for honor and military duty. Other characteristics we associate with knights are generosity and loyalty. The Middle Ages also offered up wonderful literary achievements including Geoffrey Chaucer, who authored The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer said the fourteenth century included a "wealth if romances, lives of saints, contes, fabliaux, drama, history, biography, all of great interest and importance" (Chaucer qtd. In Barzun 232). Another great writer during this era was Dante Alighieri. hile there are many reason to think the Middle Ages were dark, history proves that they were not as backwards as some might think.
orks Cited

Barzun, Jacques. From Dawn to Decadence. New York: Harper Collins Publications. 2000.

Duiker, illiam, et al. The Essential orld History. Belmont: Thomson adsworth. 2008.

Noble, Thomas, et al. estern…...

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Works Cited

Barzun, Jacques. From Dawn to Decadence. New York: Harper Collins Publications. 2000.

Duiker, William, et al. The Essential World History. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth. 2008.

Noble, Thomas, et al. Western Civilization: The Continuing Experiment. Vol. I. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1994.

Health Care Access of Middle Aged Adults
Nursing

In the 21st century, issues of health care access for middle aged adults is closely related with issues of class. There have been several, major, economic hurdles experienced by countries around the world, and we have yet to reach the year 2020. In countries such as the United States, more people are entering and remaining in the workforce out of necessities. Middle aged adults who have access to health care have substantial enough income to pay for part of all of the costs of their health care fees and transportation to/from the health care facility. Middle aged adults who have access to health care additionally have job flexibility so that they can take time away from their work schedule, or modify their schedules so there is time available to visit a health care facility. Such adults would also have a relative amount of job…...

African-American Male Depression
The cultural group I selected for this assignment is African-American men. Oftentimes, there is an aura of hyper-masculinity that surrounds this particular cultural group (despite the best efforts of Western society to marginalize and disempower it), which is what attracted my attention to studying it. Moreover, I believe there is an interesting dichotomy between this perception and the sort of mental health problems that are precariously balanced by this group -- partially because of the systematic attempts to disenfranchise this group. On the one hand, it seems natural that those within this demographic should experience mental health problems because of the typical socio-economic problems to which they are frequently subject. The article reviewed for this assignment provides a fair amount of insight into this phenomenon, since it focuses on clinical expression experienced by African-American men, and provides information how to best treat this group for depression.

The key points…...

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References

Bryant-Bedell, K., Waite, R. (2010). Understanding major depressive disorder among middle-aged African-American men. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 66(9), 2050-2060.

Canyon, S. (2007). "Verbal communication -- speaking so someone will listen." www.suecanyon.com. Retrieved from  http://suecanyon.com/verbal-communication-speaking-so-someone-will-listen/ 

Patten, S.; Williams, J.; Lavorato, D.; Wang, J.; McDonald, K.; Bulloch, A. Descriptive epidemiology of major depressive disorder in Canada in 2012. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 60(1), 23-30.

Agricultural Innovations
The Middle ages were quite fruitful in inventing a number of discoveries that include the invention of the wheels, the invention of the plow, the harnessing the power of animals to pull wagons and plows and make their use for transportation, using the power of wind for sailboats, and the invention of writing and calendar (Ashcroft et al., 1989). These innovations collectively transformed the conditions of life for societies in the middle ages. These innovations had great effect in increasing the wealth of the population and developing complex social organizations. Although all of the innovations mentioned above were important, the plow was considered as the greatest potential for transforming social and cultural change (Duerr et al., 1985). It made the use of the permanent cultivation possible in a greater variety of soils, and thereby led to the widespread replacement of horticulture by agriculture. It also facilitated the harnessing of…...

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References

1. Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, Helen Tiffin, The Empire writes Back. Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures. London, New York 1989.

2. Duerr, Hans Peter, Dreamtime. Concerning the boundary between wilderness and civilisation. Translated by Felicitas Goodman. Oxfod: Basil Blackwell 1985

3. Eckholm, Erik, "Two greybeards race against time to preserve a culture that few people can understand." In: The Sunday Independent, Johannesburg, 16.1.2000, p.12.

4. Fabian, Johannes, Time and the Other. How Anthropology makes its Object. New York: Columbia University Press 1983.

Errogenous Zones in Middle Ages, Renaissance, And Baroque
Art has always been used to showcase the desired and desirable in nature and in imagination. The definition of the erogenous zone is any body part that causes sexual desire or stimulation to increase. These zones can be located at various parts of the body and their sensitivity will be less or more depending on the individual. It has been argued that even before doctors made studies of these zones on the human body, the artists were already utilizing them in art to add a symbolic message of sexual desire and stimulation.

Besides the male and female genitalia, the most commonly known erogenous zones are the mouth and neck, chest and abdomen. Next to that are the fingers. Some find the feet and particularly the toes equally stimulating.

In the Middle Ages and entering into the early Renaissance, appreciation for the human arm started appearing…...

Chivalry refers to a code of conduct that was developed in the latter part of the Middle Ages in various parts of western Europe, most notably in what are parts of modern day France and Britain.  Though it may be referred to a system or the chivalric code, it is not actually a codified system of norms or behaviors, but instead an informal code of moral behavior.  Its origins can be traced back to around 1170, though it draws upon moral codes from earlier times, especially the Carolingian Empire, which featured a similar idolization of the soldier/warrior.

Chivalry is a very....

I. Introduction
A. Brief overview of the history of corrections
B. Importance of understanding the historical perspective on corrections

II. Ancient and Medieval Times
A. Origins of corrections in ancient civilizations
B. Use of punishment and retribution in medieval Europe
C. Evolution of correctional institutions during the Middle Ages

III. The Enlightenment Era
A. Influence of Enlightenment ideals on corrections
B. Emergence of reformative approaches in corrections
C. The role of punishment and rehabilitation in the Enlightenment era

IV. The Industrial Revolution
A. Impact of industrialization on corrections
B. Development of modern prison systems
C. Changes in correctional practices during the Industrial....

Chaucer's Mythic Tapestry: Unraveling the Influence of Ancient Lore on His Literary Masterpieces

Introduction

Geoffrey Chaucer, the revered English poet of the 14th century, left an enduring legacy in literature with his groundbreaking works, including "The Canterbury Tales." His writings are renowned for their vibrant characters, sharp wit, and insightful social commentary. However, less explored is the profound influence of ancient mythology on Chaucer's literary imagination. This essay will delve into the realm of news and scholarship to uncover recent advancements in understanding Chaucer's mythological influences, providing a compelling essay subject.

Medievalism and the Rediscovery of the Classics

During the Middle Ages, a renewed....

I. Introduction
A. Opening statement about the importance of freedom
B. Briefly define what freedom means

II. Historical Perspectives on Freedom
A. Discuss the concept of freedom in ancient civilizations
1. Examples from Roman and Greek societies
B. Explore the idea of freedom in the Middle Ages
1. Limitations on freedom during feudalism

III. Modern Interpretations of Freedom
A. Analyze the development of democratic societies
1. Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment era
B. Examine the role of freedom in shaping human rights movements
1. Provide examples from the Civil Rights Movement and women's suffrage
C. This section should highlight the....