Anti-Trust Law
Analyze and criticize the statement: The strategy of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and other U.S. antimonopoly legislation is to ensure that each company has meaningful competitors in every product market in which it participates. This strategy works to prevent monopoly pricing of products but unfortunately it is inadequate to prevent the development of quasi-political control of entire societies by oligopolies whose member corporations share a quasi-political agenda. Therefore, as the world becomes a single market, some new strategy must be developed to control the reach of the corporate oligopolies.

The statement is illustrating how the Sherman Anti-Trust Act needs to be updated. This is because globalization has created situations, where multinational corporations can own a variety of assets around the world. The problem is that many foreign-based firms could avoid the different provisions of this law based upon: the properties, resources and assets that they control. This means that they…...

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References

Gerber, D. (2010). Global Competition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Hardaway, R. (2011). The Great American Housing Bubble. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.

Weir, R. (2007). Class in America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

One of the reasons it is against the anti-trust laws to do this is because it places large businesses like Wal-mart and Microsoft at an unfair advantage because they have enough capital to get through lean times caused by below cost pricing long enough to drive the small business competitors out of business.

Many states have laws against selling gasoline below a legal limit that is set by the government for that purpose.

Several years ago when the price of gas was on the rise companies began realizing that if they offered gas at a reduced rate it would lure consumers into their business and allow them to purchase other goods.

One example was suit filed against Kroger in which the store was accused of violating antitrust laws when it priced its gas below cost.

The store argued that it was not doing so to drive other gas stations out of business but to…...

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References

Antitrust below cost pricing  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_pricing 

Proposed New York Gasoline Legislation Could Harm Consumers, Says FTC Staff

 http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2002/08/nygas.htm 

AG takes aim at below-cost pricing statute: Issue was highlighted in a recent federal court decision against Kroger Co. For offering customers discount on gas for buying groceries.

Antitrust Laws: Benefits, Importance, And Effectiveness
Standard economic theory holds that sufficient competition is a vital ingredient for the effective functioning of markets, without which unscrupulous players would be better placed to not only obtain monopoly power, but also impede on allocative efficiency by setting prices in their favor (Updegrove, 2007). In order to prevent this and ensure the maintenance of sufficient competition, governments enact antitrust and competition laws and put in place special institutions to oversee the enforcement of the same (Updegrove, 2007). Antitrust laws, therefore, seek to foster sufficient competition within markets by preventing the emergence of cartels and monopolies. However, in spite of this theoretic economic rationale, there still is a fierce debate about the effectiveness and practicability of antitrust laws.

Benefits of Competition

Competition fosters efficiency because it drives service providers to not only venture, but to also initiate and innovate, so as to respond better to the needs…...

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References

Baer, B. (2013). Remedies Matter: the Importance of Achieving Effective Antitrust Outcomes. Antitrust Division: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/speeches/300930.pdf

UK Euro Info Centers. (2013). Ineffective Laws. UK Euro Info Centers. Retrieved from  http://www.euro-info.org.uk/euro-economics/microeconomics-and-macroeconomics/poverty-and-freedom/modifying-the-market-system/preserving-competition-in-the-market/ineffective-laws.php 

Updegrove, A. (2007). Laws, Cases and Regulations. Consortium. Retrieved from  http://www.consortiuminfo.org/laws/

Alliance
Why would large airlines want to join alliances such as One World, Star, or Sky Team? What are the potential advantages and disadvantages?

The main reason why large carriers want to join alliances is because it helps them to: increase their competitive position. These primary advantages are what have been fueling the push for a number of airlines to embrace this model. The way this improves their operations, is to reduce the total amounts of competition on different routes. This enables one carrier (who is the most profitable) to offer these services to consumers. These alliances help all airlines to benefit from this arrangement by reducing costs and competition on key routes. (Hauptman, 2008) (Wensveen, 2011)

The biggest disadvantages are that these organizations could form a trust. This is when the airlines will use strategic alliances in order to increase fares. When this happens, it means that there will be less…...

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Reference

Hauptman, J. (2008). The Target. Limerick: E-Book Sale Publishing.

Wensveen, J. (2011). Air Transportation. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.

While it is a felony to flee the scene of an accident, a police office is ethically bound to report the issue if he himself is in such an accident. The same is with drunken and disorderly behavior or destruction of property. In "Choirboys" the police officers would congregate in a park after hours to engage in drunkenness, disorderly behavior and sexual orgies with women. And this park was supposed to be out of bounds and closed to the public after hours.
Loyalty

The introduction in this essay already alluded to the "blue wall of silence" that accompanies every police organization. This is an exclusive fraternity and officers are required to look after and out for each other. In fact, beat cops see themselves as removed from the detective squad, whom they refer to as suits. Certainly, most police hate the Internal affairs squad, though they were once beat cops and/or…...

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Bibliography

BusinessWeek. (2004). Who will Fastow Implicate.

Retrieved April 22, 2008, at  http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/jan2004/nf20040115_1433_db035.htm 

Gilmartin, K.M., & Harris, J.J. (1998). Law Enforement Ethics: The Continuum of Compromise. Police Chief Magazine

Retrieved April 22, 2008, at http://www.rcmp-learning.org/docs/ecdd1222.htm

Australian Property and Trust Law
The objective of this study is to examine a specific scenario. That scenario involves the writer of this work as solicitor for the Goldstone City Council, a fictional authority in Queensland, Australia and head of the property law division of the Council under the direction of the Head Legal Counsel. The Head Legal Counsel has asked the writer to provide a written response to her in regards to the following matter: In 2014, a wealthy local citizen, Mr. obert Kennedy, died. Clause 5 of his Will provides:

"I GIVE AND BEQUEATH the sum of FIVE HUNDED THOUSAND DOLLAS ($500,000.00) to my trustee, the said James Stewart, to establish a fund for the intercultural education of my grandchildren within the Asia-Pacific region AND I DECLAE that the fund so created shall be utilized towards the costs of travel and accommodation within that region and the costs of the…...

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References

Preece, AA (2000) The Impact of the Law of Inheritance on the Family. Paper delivered at the 7th Australian Institute of Family Studies. Conference Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre, Darling Harbor Sydney, 24-26 July 2000. Retrieved from:  http://www.aifs.gov.au/conferences/aifs7/preece.pdf 

Types of Testamentary Trusts (nd) Moores. Retrieved from:  http://www.moores.com.au/images/uploads/files/Types_of_Testamentary_Trusts.pdf 

Wills and the Legal Effects of Changed Circumstances (2010) Alberta Law Reform Institute. Edmonton, Alberta. Retrieved from:  http://www.law.ualberta.ca/alri/docs/fr098.pdf 

Wills: The Anti-Lapse Rule: Supplementary Report to the Standing Committee of Attorneys General. National Committee for Uniform Succession Laws. Retrieved from:  http://www.qlrc.qld.gov.au/reports/r61.pdf

Police: Building Trust Between Police and Communities
Building Trust between Police and Communities: Police

Police Trust, Integrity and Ethics in Bridging the Gap in Community elations

The death of Eric Garner in the hands of New York police, and the shootings of 12-year-old ice Tamir and Michael Brown in Ohio and Missouri respectively, have and continue to brew a wave of public mistrust in the police service. Such incidences often spur massive public protests that eventually destroy relations between police and the communities they serve. A study conducted by euters on 3,600 citizens between December 2014 and January 2015 found that a significant 27.6% of adult Americans do not trust the police to be fair and just (euters, 2015). In December, 2015, President Barrack Obama signed an executive order creating the Task Force on 21st Century Policing, whose primary aim is to build confidence and trust in the local police. This text explores…...

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References

IACP. (2010). Building Trust between the Police and the Citizens they Serve. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (ICAP). Retrieved from  http://www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/BuildingTrust.pdf 

Miller, L. & Hess, K. (2007). Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem-Solving (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

Raines, J. (2011). Ethics in Policing: Misconduct and Integrity. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Reuters. (2015). Do Americans Trust their Cops to be Fair and Just? New Poll Contains Surprises. Reuters.com. Retrieved from  http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2015/01/15/one-third-of-americans-believe-police-lie-routinely/

Multicultural Law Enforcement
Racism in U.S. Law Enforcement

There is much controversy with regard to race and the Criminal Justice System, as many are inclined to believe that people belonging to particular racial groups are more likely to suffer from discrimination as a result of their skin color. Police officers are instructed in order for them to gain a complex understanding of moral values and ethics and this makes it possible for them to learn more about differentiation and the degree to which discriminating a person can affect the respective individual and society as a whole. Many believe that in some cases stereotypes are people's only ability to differentiate between a potential criminal and an innocent person. However, the chances to go wrong are particularly high and it is thus essential for each police officer to refrain from targeting particular groups simply because they have the same skin color as a particular…...

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Works cited:

Campbell, A. "Florida Cops Fired Over Racist Texts, KKK Video," Retrieved April 27, 2015, from  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/22/cops-fired-racist-video_n_6918652.html 

Keesee, T., & Nila, M.J. "Fairness and Neutrality: Addressing the Issue of Race in Policing," Retrieved April 27, 2015, from  http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=2334&issue_id=32011 

Shusta, R.M., Levine, D.R., Wong, H.Z. Harris, P.R. "IMPACT OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY ON LAW ENFORCEMENT," Retrieved April 27, 2015, from  http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/4173/4273671/Ch01.pdf 

"Obama says other police departments are racist in first remarks on Ferguson," Retrieved April 27, 2015, from  http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2982267/Obama-holding-town-hall-historically-black-college.html

Microsoft Anti-Trust Case
Microsoft was charged with using its position as an industry leader in computer software to force buyers to buy products that were bundled with Internet Explorer. The claim was considered a breach of anti-trust laws which declared that a company cannot package two products together based on one's popularity or market position with the consumer (U.S. v. Microsoft, 2002-2006). Microsoft has denied such claims that they took an unfair advantage of the market and consumer in order to strengthen an already dominant position in the industry (Hemphill, 2004). Especially in the case of the product coming from a company that has domination over the software industry such as Microsoft.

The Internet Explorer browser was not sold but given as a free product with the purchase of the Operating System by Microsoft. This is done by many companies throughout the industry. However when Microsoft applied this marketing principle, it was…...

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References

Brick, R. (2001). U.S. appeals court overturns Microsoft anti-trust ruling . Retrieved June

16, 2011 from nytimes. com/2001/06/28/business/28WIRE-SOFT. htmlhttp://www.

Goldman, D. (2010). iPhone anti-trust law goes to class action. Retrieved June 16, 2011

from cnn. com/2010/07/12/technology/apple_att_lawsuit/index. htmhttp://money.

Policing needs to change, especially has it has failed to live up to its potential in improving quality of life for all citizens. The ideal police force is indeed one that prevents crime, keeps order, respects the rights and dignity of citizens, is friendly and courteous, respects the laws, and does not abuse its power through corruption. Policing needs to be increasingly situated as integral to all other community organizations and institutions. Collaborative and strategic partnerships will help law enforcement achieve the goals it shares in common with other social and political organizations. Reforming community relations, improving trust and accountability, and working together with stakeholders are some of the keynotes of twenty-first century policing models. According to the IACP (2018) policing will change in the upcoming years by focusing on both internal and external issues. This means that in addition to the externalities of community relationships and strategic partnerships, police organizations…...

During this Diaspora, the African Slave Trade transferred 9-12 million people from one continent to another with major repercussions on cultural and political traditions in the New World. There have been a number of modern Diasporas based on the post-Cold War world in which huge populations of refugees migrated from conflict, especially from developing countries (Southeast Asia, China, Afghanistan, Iran, Latin America, South American, Rwanda, etc.).
Part 1.2.1 - Civil Law is a legal system inspired by Ancient Roman law. In Civil law, laws are written into a codified collection that is a group of ideas and systems that work in tandem to help organize societies without the need for judicial interpretation. Overall, civil law is in place to formulate general principles and to distinguish substantive rules from procedural rules, and is based on the tenet that legislation is the primary source of law.

Conceptually, civil law is a group of…...

This is where a company will seek to purchase competitors through: buying the stock of the other company (in the same industry). The idea is that by reducing the total amount of competitors, an organization will be able to have greater control over prices and consumer choices. In the health care industry this is problematic, as any kind of mergers / joint ventures could be considered to be an attempt to restrict choices. At which point, it is possible that the government could use this law to limit the overall activities of the company. This is because, they could make an effective argument that any kind of reduction in the amount of competition will adversely affect consumers. As the odds increase dramatically, that any attempts to consolidate will be considered to be anti-competitive. Given the fact that costs are increasing, any type of negative reaction could cause the organization,…...

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Bibliography

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act. (2010). Linfo. Retrieved from:  http://www.linfo.org/sherman.html 

Cushman, R. (1999). Construction Law Handbook. Gaithersburg: Aspen.

Hall, M. (2009). Health Insurance Profit Soars. AFL CIO. Retrieved from: http://blog.aflcio.org/2009/05/27/health-insurance-profits-soar-as-industry-mergers-create-near-monopoly/

Hewitt, I. (2004). Joint Ventures. London: Sweet and Maxwell.

Australia's Corporation Act 2004
Australia Corporations Corporation Act 2004

The purpose of this research is to investigate the Corporations Act 2004 (Cth) in relation to the protection it provides for investors of non-profit corporations. Through research of the Trade Practices Act, current case law and the Australian Investment and Securities Commission provide an overview of what has changed in the regulations for corporations in Australia in 2004 thus far.

Australian Supreme Court sated in 2003 that: "the governance of corporate entities comprehends the framework of rules, relationships, systems and processes within and by which authority is exercised and controlled in corporations." Australia has recently implemented new regulations which, enhance and harmonize corporation law.

The alignment of the regulations with elements that are known to be those of a competent and responsible board of directors in view of strategy determination, performance review, risk management, internal control regulation and reporting to shareholders and stake holders took…...

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Bibliography

Swire, Mary (2004) "New Australian Corporate Governance Regime Now in Force" Lowtax News Story 16 September 2004 [Online] available at  http://lowtax.net/asp/story/storyaus.asp ?

04-002 ASIC Focuses on Defective Debenture Prospectuses" (2004) Australia Securities and Investments Commission - 2004 Media Release 04-002 ASIC [Online] available at http://www.asic.gov.au.asic/asic_pub.nsf/byheadline/04-004+ASIC+focuses+on+defective

04-001 ASIC Protects over $456 Million in Shareholders Funds" (2004) Australia Securities and Investments Commission - 2004 Media Release 04-001 ASIC [Online] available at http://www.asic.gov.au.asic/asic_pub.nsf/byheadline/04-004+ASIC+focuses+protects+over+$465

Parliamentary Secretary issued to Treasurer (2004) Corporation Amendment Regulations 2004: Statutory Rules 2004. [Online] available at: www.asic.com

Trenton School
The environment at School1, were I am employed revolves around the many different standards of behavior and conduct. While much of this conduct is derived by local customs and habits, the imposing of law and order also significantly contributes to what is and what is not allowed. The purpose of this essay is to explore the relationship with both state and federal laws and School 1. This essay will explore the law and its applications to my school by examining key points and relevant issues related to these interactions.

Background Of Trenton School District

It is important to understand the starting point of this discussion in order to see the bigger influences that state and local governments have on the school district. According to the districts website, the mission of this school district is " All students will graduate with a vision for their futures, motivated to learn continually and prepared…...

..individuals are taxed in their total annual income minus their net new additions to savings, which equals annual consumption (eiler).
Both forms of consumption tax are not without their troubles and for the most part there is no consensus on the benefits of either alternative. Overall, the quest to reform the current system of taxation rages on. It will be very difficult to reform the current progressive tax system of because it is so steeped in bureaucracy and tradition.

Conclusion

The purpose of this discussion was to examine the progressive income tax. e found that the this tax system operates by taxing a certain percentage of individual income excluding certain deductibles. The investigation detailed the history of progressive taxation and clearly defines progressive taxation. The investigation revealed that the implementation of such taxation was controversial since its inception which came as a result of an amendment to the constitution. In addition, the research…...

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Works Cited

Boyd T. 2002. Guide to the Tax Act of 2001: The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001. Review of Business. Volume: 23. Issue: 1. Page Number: 33+.

Creedy J., Gemmell N. 2002. The Revenue Responsiveness of Consumption Taxes. Contributors: - author. Journal Title: Economic Record. Volume: 78. Issue: 241. Page Number: 186+.

Fougere M.., Ruggeri Giuseppe C. 1998. Flat Taxes and Distributional Justice. Review of Social Economy. Volume: 56. Issue: 3. Page Number: 277+.

Fratantuono Michael J. The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson -- the Fierce Battles over Money and Power That Transformed the Nation. Contributors: - author. Journal Title: Parameters. Volume: 33. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 2003. Page Number: 168+.

Essay Topics Regarding Business Liberty

1. The Role of Government in Regulating Business
Examine the different justifications for government regulation of business.
Discuss the pros and cons of various types of regulation, such as antitrust laws and environmental regulations.
Evaluate the effectiveness of government regulation in achieving its intended objectives.

2. The Social Responsibility of Business
Define and discuss the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR).
Analyze the arguments for and against businesses taking on social responsibilities.
Explore the implications of CSR for businesses and society as a whole.

3. The Private and Public Sectors in the Economy
Compare and contrast the roles....