law in England are: common law, statute law, subordinate legislation, custom, and European community law.
Common law: This is the cannon of law applying to the general swathes of law that are decided by the judges and adapted to changing times. Judges make its rules over the years that have relied on precedents of other cases and adapted preceding rulings to suit the circumstances of the present instance. Each new case, accordingly, develops the original principle a little further.

Examples of common law cases that moved the principle somewhat further was yland vs. Fletcher where it was decided that the neighbor could sue if water that escaped from a landowner's dam damaged his land. This principle was later used in succeeding cases.

Statute law (or Act of Parliament): This is law produced by Parliament whenever a new law is needed. Initially passing through various readings that debate and contest the law, it…...

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References

Finch, E. & Fafinski, S. 2011. Legal Skills. OU Press: UK

Wilson, S., Mitcehll, R., Storey, T., & Wortely, N. 2011. English Legal System Directions. (2nd Ed) OU Press: UK

law tradition -- followed by most estern nations and others as well -- was originated in England during the Middle Ages, according to the School of Law at the University of California at Berkeley. hile the common law tradition became part of civil law in England, it was carried across the Atlantic by the first European settlers in the New orld. Generally speaking the common law concept is based on precedent, and the precedent set in England in the Middle Ages and carried through to today -- when referring to common law marriage -- is that after a couple has cohabitated for a certain number of years, they are to be considered legally married. In other words, common law (which entails far more than just marriage issues) is based on custom, or on precedent, rather than civil or ecclesiastical law.
Common Law -- hat is it?

The School of Law at…...

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Works Cited

FindLaw.com. (2009). What is the Difference Between a Legal and Equitable Claim? Retrieved

May 12, 2013, from  http://litigation.findlaw.com .

University of California / Berkeley. (2010). The Common Law and Civil Law Traditions.

Retrieved May 12, 2013, from  http://www.law.berkeley.edu .

Law Fourth Amendment
Common law affirmed that evidence even that which is obtained through illegal means was admissible and was never excluded simply because it was obtained through illegal means. Common law evidence of the guilt of a defendant provided complete defense against charges that a search was violating the rights of a defendant. The fourth amendment to the United States constitution was included as part of the Bill of ights on December 15, 1791.this amendment deals with the protection of people from searches that are done in their homes as well as their private property without a proper execution of a search warrant. The fourth amendment sates that 'The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no warrants shall issue, upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the…...

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References

SKlansky, D.A. (2000).The Fourth Amendment and common law. Retrieved January 25, 2014 from  http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=facpubs 

Smith P.B. (2006).The Fourth Amendment, 1789-1868: Astarnge History. Retrieved January 25, 2014 from  http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/osjcl/files/2012/05/Smith-PDF2.pdf

Law in esolving Disputes among Private Citizens
Today, the common law as understood in the United States means the body of rules and principles that have been established over the centuries through countless judicial decisions that set precedents for future cases of a similar nature. Although the common law can change over time in response to social, political and economic forces, this body of law has provided a consistent framework in which disputes can be more easily and efficiently resolved by avoiding the need to "reinvent the wheel" every time a controversy over property or rights occurs. This paper reviews the relevant literature to determine the effectiveness of the common law in resolving disputes among private citizens, followed by a summary of the research and important findings concerning these issues in the conclusion.

eview and Discussion

According to the definition provided by Black's Law Dictionary (1990), the common law is "distinguished from…...

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References

Black's law dictionary. (1990). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.

Bogus, C.T. (2001). Why lawsuits are good for America: Disciplined democracy, big business, and the common law. New York: New York University Press.

Schill, S.W. (2012, Annual). International arbitrators as system-builders. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting-American Society of International Law, 106, 295-301.

Scott, S. (2007, December). The impact of common law on judicial decision making.

intrinsic relationship between common law doctrines of public and private nuisance and certain elements of contemporary legislation that pertain to public and private injury. Examples of the latter legislation include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and other such mandates set up by the Environmental Protection Agency (McAdams, 2008, p. 57-58). In both of these instances, there is legislation regarding the infringement on the rights and access to quality of life for people. One of the primary distinctions between the aforementioned common law doctrines and official standards set by governmental agencies such as federal, state and municipal authorities is that the latter are recent or ongoing developments in legislation, whereas the former legislation was generally created and adopted significantly earlier.
When comparing these two different types of legislation that are germane to the quality of life and the rights thereof of both individuals and communities, it is necessary…...

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References

McAdams, T. (2008). Law, Business and Society. New York: McGraw-Hill.

No author. (2012). "The U.S. Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement." USmayors.org. Retrieved from http://www.usmayors.org/climateprotection/documents/mcpagreement.pdf

Statutory Law
Define Common law. Include examples and what U.S. Constitution amendments were implemented to protect the rights of businesses and organizations.

Common law is based upon the decisions from previous court cases. They are binding in all legal proceeding. These rulings establish consistency and stability in the way decisions are made within the U.S. legal system. A good example of this occurred with ehberg v. Paulk. In this Supreme Court decision, the chief investigator to a grand jury testified as to what they discovered. After the grand jury decided not to peruse charges, is when Paulk filed a civil claim against this individual. They allege that this party was conspiring with the District Attorney using false information. Moreover, the investigator knowingly lied to the grand jury in order to secure an indictment. ("ehberg v. Paulk," 2011) (Edline, 2007)

The Federal District Court refused to dismiss the motion because of the actions…...

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References

Fifth Amendment. (2013). Cornell School of Law. Retrieved from:  http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/fifth_amendment 

Rehberg v. Paulk. (2011). U.S. Supreme Court. Retrieved from:  http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/10-788.pdf 

Broemmel, M. (2013). Small Business Bankruptcy Laws. Chron. Retrieved from:  http://smallbusiness.chron.com/small-business-bankruptcy-laws-3453.html 

Edline, D. (2007). Common Law Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

reach of Common Law and Statutory Duties Under the Corporations Act 2001
On 17 February 2012 uilders Hardware Ltd., made public a new share issue proposal. The Company also made it clear that this would only apply to those who registered their shares before 31 December 2003. This was done in a bid to lock out the Victoria-based Powertools Ltd. from acquiring uilders H. Ltd. The takeover issue resulted in the revelation that all was not well within uilders H. Ltd.; there is possibility that the directors might have breached common law and statutory duties as stipulated under the Corporations Act 2001. According to the Corporations Act 2001, company directors are subjected to a broad range of duties. Keenly examining these duties reveals many violations of the Act by Helen as an executive director, the entire management under the board of directors of uilders H. Ltd.

oard of Directors

The Corporations Act calls…...

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Bibliography

Byrne, M., 2006. The duties and liabilities of persons below board level. Canberra Law Review,

9(2), pp.45-64.

Farrar, J.H., 2006. A Note on Dealing with Self-Interested Transactions by Directors. Bond Law

Review, 12(1).

Environment of Business
The term "common law" refers to laws that are based on general legal principles and that derive from custom. In addition, the term "common law" refers to that body of law that has developed in the court systems, in situations where courts have been asked to resolve issues unaddressed by statutes. In this way, the common law can be said to be judge-made. In contrast, the term "statutory law" refers to those laws that have been written by legislators. They are formal, written laws. Where there is a statute, it is the applicable law, even if it differs from the law that would have been in effect under the common law. However, in most states, where there is no statute, the common law determines the outcome of a controversy.

9.

Although courts generally adhere to precedent, they will deviate from the rule of stare decisis in situations where it…...

National Do-Not-Call egistry and the CAN SPAM Act are both attempts to protect individuals from corporate marketing strategies. The National Do-Not-Call-egistry attempts to limit the ability of corporations to place unsolicited commercial calls to consumers, by allowing consumers to register up to three numbers on a Do-Not-Call list. Charities and political organizations are exempt from the list. The CAN SPAM Act is aimed at preventing spam email. While these laws may seem like a relief to consumers overwhelmed by marketing attempts in what they consider their private spaces, corporations have alleged that these laws are unconstitutional.
The constitutional right at the heart of the debate is the freedom of speech. The corporations allege that these laws abridge their freedom of speech. The First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech is one that can be limited in the face of a substantial government interest. This is the case for certain categories…...

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References

Reclaim Democracy. (2004, October 4). Overview of Do-Not-Call-Registry Litigation.

Retrieved May 10, 2013 from Reclaim Democracy website:  http://reclaimdemocracy.org/corporate_speech_no_call_list_facts/

American legal system consists of two types of cases, civil and criminal. Civil and criminal cases differ greatly from each other but also may share similarities in certain situations. Crimes are typically viewed as offenses against the state. These offenses are then prosecuted by the state. Civil cases are generally disputes between individuals or companies regarding the legal obligations and responsibilities owed between one another. Herein lies the main difference. Along with this there are several others to be discussed. In an uncommon case, the same conduct can produce civil and criminal liability.
How the system works is criminal law deals with looking after the interests of the public as a whole. This may involve punishing and rehabilitating offenders, as well as protecting society from harmful people. The government enlists the assistance of the police and prosecutor to put the criminal law into effect. How the government affords these services…...

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References

Kelsen, H. (2006). General theory of law & state. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers.

Lippman, M.R. (2007). Contemporary criminal law: Concepts, cases, and controversies. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.

Weston, P.B., & Wells, K.M. (1976). Criminal justice: Introduction and guidelines = a revision of Law enforcement and criminal justice: an introduction. Pacific Palisades, Calif: Goodyear Pub. Co.

Virginia's State Court System
The state of Virginia's court system is structure in a way that is similar to, though not identical to, the federal court system in the United States. "The present system consists of four levels of courts: the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, the circuit courts, and the district courts. In addition, magistrates serve as judicial officers with authority to issue various types of processes. The courts are organized into 31 judicial circuits and 32 similar judicial districts" (State of Virginia, 2011). As with most U.S. court systems, review moves upwards from the lowest level of courts (the trial courts) to the Supreme Court level.

The most basic trial court in Virginia is the magistrate court. "A principal function of the magistrate is to provide an independent, unbiased review of complaints brought to the office by police officers, sheriffs, deputies, and citizens. Magistrate duties include issuing various types…...

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References

Office of Court Administration. (2013, April 12.). Court structure of Texas. Retrieved May 20,

2013 from Texas Courts Online website:  http://www.courts.state.tx.us/ 

State of Virginia. (2011, July). Virginia courts in brief. Retrieved May 20, 2013 from State of Virginia website:  http://www.courts.state.va.us/courts/cib.pdf

Law: Aviation Law Reflective EssayPart 1: ReflectionThe module is important with its relevancy to the Aviation industry since it would help understand the law of aviation in the country. When one has to adopt a professional career in a certain field, one has to get familiar with the laws and policies, which are a code of conduct for carrying out certain actions that are allowed and preventing those prohibited. It would be better to follow that code of conduct under the guidelines of the regulations so that legal actions could be avoided in the future.My personal view about the contents covered in the module is satisfactory and positive since I believe the content would assist in knowing the Australian Constitution closely regarding its features and relevancy to aviation law. The aviation law student must be aware of the countrys court system if its law is to be reviewed, which is…...

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References

Andersen, D.R. (1994). Recent cases and developments in aviation law. Journal of Air Law and Commerce, 60(1). Available at Core.ac.uk.  https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/147637678.pdf 

Federal Register of Legislation. (n.a.). Taxation administration act 1953.  https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2021C00003 

Health and Safety Executive. (n.a.). Virgin Atlantic: Improved maintenance steps.  https://www.hse.gov.uk/airtransport/case-studies/virgin.htm

Sources of U.S. LawIntroductionToday, most Americans are rightfully proud of the fact that the United States is a land of laws, but many may not realize the multiple sources of the laws that routinely affect their daily lives (Lupu, 2013). To help address this constraint, the purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the major sources of law under the American system of jurisprudence and how these different sources of law either complement or conflict with one another. In addition, a hypothetical vignette that describes a potential conflict between federal and state law concerning the possession of medical cannabis products in Idaho is followed by a summary of the research and important findings concerning these issues in the papers conclusion.Major Sources of LawFar and away, the major source of law in the United States is the Constitution from whence all other laws, policies and regulations flow. In…...

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References

Black’s law dictionary. (1990). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.

Chicago Council of Lawyers. (2022). The United States is a nation ruled by laws, not kings. Retrieved from  https://chicagocouncil.org/072220-nation-ruled-by-laws-not-kings/#:~:text=The%20Rule%20of%20Law%2C%20not,who%20we%20are%20as%20Americans .

Conflict of laws. (2020). Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from  https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/conflict_of_laws#:~:text=A%20difference%20between%20the%20laws,the%20laws%20of%20other%20countries .

woman was arrested in 2010 for riding a non-motorized vehicle on an interstate highway as she was escaping flash food that had hit the state of Tennessee. At the time of the arrest, the state of Tennessee had been hit with record flooding, which forced many areas in the state to be subjected to flash flooding where water rose very rapidly. In light of the devastating impact of the flowing, an individual was able to move quickly using a non-motorized vehicle like a bicycle rather than on foot in order to escape the rising waters. The woman rode a bicycle onto a section of interstate highway until reaching a safe exit section in order to escape the rising waters near her home. She was arrested as she exited the highway because her actions violated regulations on safety on interstate highways. Actually, the woman's actions violated regulations by the National…...

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References

Morvillo, G. (2016, June 24). The Presumption of Innocence: Bedrock Legal Principle or Outdated Notion from Days Gone By? Retrieved from Program on Corporate Compliance and Enforcement at New York University School of Law website:  https://wp.nyu.edu/compliance_enforcement/2016/06/24/the-presumption-of-innocence-bedrock-legal-principle-or-outdated-notion-from-days-gone-by/ 

Walston-Dunham, B. (2012). Introduction to law (6th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Cengage Learning.

RE: Clean Sales Contract1. Was a Contract created between Clean and Pros under the UCCThe basic elements of a contract are offer, acceptance, consideration, and the writing requirement (Chapter 8, Introduction to Sales and Leases, 2012). An offer is a partys expression of its intention to contract with another under certain terms and for a certain consideration. Pros email to Clean requesting the seller to deliver six cases of Carpet Re-New cleaning product for $200 per case to Pros warehouse before 1st April 2019 symbolizes a valid offer, with definite terms. The UCC, unlike Common Law, does not require definiteness for an offer to be valid. As such, under Section 2-204 of the UCC, Pros offer would have been valid even if it had open terms such as if it did not specify the price and place of delivery (Chapter 8, Introduction to Sales and Leases, 2012).Under Common Law, Clean…...

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References

Chapter 8. Introduction to Sales and Leases (2012). Saylor Academy. Retrieved from  https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_advanced-business-law-and-the-legal-environment/s11-introduction-to-sales-and-leas.html#mayer_1.0-ch08 

Chapter 10. Performance and Remedies (2012). Saylor Academy. Retrieved from  https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_advanced-business-law-and-the-legal-environment/s13-performance-and-remedies.html 

Chapter 9. Title and Risk of Loss (2012). Retrieved from  https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_advanced-business-law-and-the-legal-environment/s12-title-and-risk-of-loss.html

Constitutional law is one of the two most important types of law for anyone in the legal field to understand.  The United States legal system is derived from a combination of a common law tradition and constitutional law.  The common law tradition helps people understand the legal norms that are not expressly outlined in the Constitution or by legislation, while the Constitution places limits and guidelines on the rights and duties that can be governed by the law.  This is true with administrative law, which specifically addresses the laws related to various government agencies.  This is especially....

The Presumption of Innocence: A Cornerstone of the Criminal Justice System

The presumption of innocence is a fundamental principle deeply embedded in the criminal justice systems of many nations. It serves as a critical safeguard for the rights of individuals accused of crimes, ensuring a fair and impartial process. By recognizing the presumption of innocence, the system places the burden of proving guilt squarely on the prosecution, rather than requiring the accused to demonstrate their innocence.

Historical Origins and Philosophical Underpinnings:

The roots of the presumption of innocence can be traced back to ancient legal systems, including Roman law and English common law.....

The concept of due process in America has evolved significantly over time, with a focus on expanding and protecting the rights of individuals in legal proceedings. The roots of due process can be traced back to English common law and the Magna Carta, which guaranteed protections against arbitrary imprisonment and unfair treatment by the government.

In America, the concept of due process is enshrined in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. The Fifth Amendment guarantees that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, while the Fourteenth Amendment extends this protection to....

Analyzing the Practicality of 'Falsus in Uno, Falsus in Omnibus' in the Indian Context: A Comparative Study with Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam and the Indian Evidence Act

Introduction

'Falsus in Uno, Falsus in Omnibus' is a Latin maxim that translates to "false in one thing, false in all." This maxim is frequently applied in legal contexts to indicate that if a witness is found to have lied about one aspect of their testimony, their entire testimony should be disregarded. However, the practicality of this maxim in the Indian legal context remains a subject of debate.

Historical Context

The origins of 'Falsus in Uno, Falsus in....