Statistical Analysis of Police Arrest Decisions
What are the central variables that Smith and Visher studied?

Smith and Visher (1981) analyzed a series of independent variables that were found by previous studies to influence dependent variable 'likelihood of being arrested'. Although a Chi square test revealed several factors to be significantly associated with likelihood of being arrested (Table 1), the aim of their research was to reveal the relative contributions of the many independent variables examined. Towards this goal the authors used a multivariate probit model to gauge relative contributions from a set of independent variables on arrest likelihood. These variables are as follows: police contact initiated by a victim or the police, contact with suspect took place in a public or private location, presence of bystanders, victim is present or absent, victim's choice of how to handle the contact, suspect's race, age, and gender, suspect's demeanor, relationship between victim and suspect…...

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References

Smith, Douglas A. And Visher, Christy A. (1981). Street-level justice: Situational determinants of police arrest decisions. Social Problems, 29, 167-177.

Many patrons tip based on how quickly their food is delivered, and if it is hot or not, how it tastes, did it meet the patrons' expectations or not for this specific type of food, what is the frequency of the patrons' dining on this specific type of food.
There are also an entire series of attitudinal questions regarding why this specific restaurant was chosen, and these could range from convenience for a family meal together, or for a special occasion. Clearly expectations are significantly higher for those respondents going out to dinner for an anniversary, birthday, or significant family event - all instances were respondents would be going to more upscale restaurants.

There is the entire price/quality aspect of this research. It is one experience to dine at McDonalds' or Burger King and have the expectation of the burger and fries tasting like they have in the past, and quite…...

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References

ResearchMethods (2007) - Web Center for Social Research Methods. Research Methods Knowledge Base. Accessed from the Internet on July 11, 2007 from location:  http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/measlevl.php 

SPSS Files:

Statistical analysis of the data is to be carried out using technique sof analyzing categorical data. In this process a contingency table analysis is employed in order to examine the nature of relationship existing between two categorical variables (financial stability and customer spending).In this process, the McNemer's test will be used in analyzing if the pair is dichotomous (Elliot & Woodword,2007,p.113).This test is done on the categorical variables in order to detect any change or disagreements between them. The Mantel-Haenszel test is also employed in order to determine the nature of relationship between the dichotomous variables while controlling for or within the specific levels of the third variable (declining economy).Also to be carried out is the interatter reliability test so as to determine if the two raters provide consistent ratings. A goodness-of-fit test is also used in measuring whether an given observed group of counts matches a given theoretical pattern.
A…...

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References

Elliot, AC and Woodward, WA (2007).Statistical Analysis-Quick Reference Guide with SPSS examples. Sage Publications, Inc.

Rubin, A. (2009). Statistics for Evidence-Based Practice. Belmont, CA: Cengage.

Sears Holdings. (2012). Retrieved from  http://www.searsholdings.com/about/kmart/history.htm

In addition to this analysis, the findings of the Pew Research Center's 2012 Values Survey, which observed that party affiliation ranks as the most influential demographic factor when determining value differentiation between individual voters, and that this political polarization has intensified during the last four election cycles. The fact that the most divisive cable news outlets, FOX News and MSNBC, both began broadcasting to a national audience in 1996 provides a further basis for empirical research designed to evaluate the hypothesis that long-term viewership of ideologically inspired news sources decreases one's willingness to alter voting patterns, and is thus responsible for the reduced impact of news consumption on voting choice.
The primary survey to be used in this research project would involve telephonically contacting a sample group of 1,500 voters who have previously identified as long-term viewers of either FOX News of MSNBC, to determine whether or not their voting…...

Their pricing approaches, while in the boundaries of solid statistical analysis, are somewhat opportunistic. For Zillow to be more accurate, the use of a range of valuations for each property could be included. This would be more realistic to the true conditions of the market. Finally, the methodology used for this analysis is based on the latest 30 home sales; therefore the data itself and analysis are much timelier in reflecting the market conditions..
Zillow Analysis

In evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of Zillow.com, it is immediately apparent that this website is much more navigable than realtor.com, and also gets away from the troublesome opt-in screens realtors use before allowing properties to be sold. The mash-up with Google Maps is also very well done. In summary, the strengths and weaknesses of Zillow.com are provided here:

Strengths

Excellent mash-up using Google Maps and their own pricing databases to provide an easy-to-navigate website and pricing…...

The author did not apprise the reader of the measure of poverty, so it is assumed that the way poverty is measured is the same over the decades. This may not be true so in this instance the comparison can be misleading.
The use of the median as a measure of income level is a consistent use of a statistical measure. The median is a more robust measure of national income than the mean since it is not as susceptible to the influence of outliers in the data (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2008). The use of the median provides a more precise measure of the middle class challenge. The conclusion that the middle class is stagnating is a legitimate conclusion based on the lack of income growth within that group. In this instance, the statistics were used appropriately.

The use of data to show increases while legitimate can provide an inaccurate picture…...

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References

Eckholm, E. (2010). Recession raises poverty rate to a 15-year high. New York Times. Retrieved from  http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/us/17poverty.html?hp 

Gravetter, F.J., & Wallnau, L.B. (2008). Statistics for the behavioral sciences 8th ed. California:

Wadsworth Publishing.

The median is the mid-point of a given data set; rather than the mean, which produces a single number that takes into account the extremes of the data set as well as the middle, the median tends to be more stable, finding the half-way point between extremes rather than directly incorporating them. For wage comparisons, especially over time, the median is useful and an excellent choice of statistical tool precisely for this stability and lack of influence by extremes that are exceptions to the general findings of the data set.

Conclusion

The examinations of the statistical tools herein have been brief, but hopefully effective. Understanding the different methods of analysis and presentation that are at one's disposal is essential in order to carry out effective research in a way that is meaningful to other researchers and practitioners, in the filed of human resource management and in all other areas of scientific research…...

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References

Edwards, C. (2009). "The pursuit of happiness (human resource management)." Engineering & technology 4(4), pp. 76-9.

Gill, G. (2004). "Perception of safety, safety violation, and improvement of safety in aviation: Findings of a pilot study." Journal of air transportation 9(3), pp. 43-55.

Hwang, J. & Chang, H. (2009). "Work climate perception and turnover intention among Korean hospital staff. International nursing review 56(1), pp. 73-80.

Mathuaer, I. & Imhoff, I. (2006). "Health worker motivation in Africa: the role of non-financial incentives and human resource management tools. Human Resources for Health [NLM - MEDLINE] 4, pp. 24-36.

Statistical Analysis eport for the A-CAT
A-CAT was one of the Indian leading producers of electrical appliance within the medium-scale industry. The A-CAT manufactured and distributed domestic appliance to the rural population India. Moreover, A-CAT had two medium-sized manufacturing units in a small town of Gondia located at the remote district in Vidarbha, a less develop area in India. The company primary flagship product was 500 kilovolt amps voltage regulator branded with V-500 tag. Established in 1986, the company could boast of 40 employees. A-CAT had established a partnership alliance with Jupiter Inc. and Global Electricals for the production of cabinets and TV signal boosters respectively. Since 1986, the A-CAT had been in operation and the company budget between 2010 and 2011 provided the annual sales of s. 9,800,000 ($147,128). The functional company department are design department, manufacturing department, purchasing department, and sales and service department. Contrary to other companies that…...

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Reference

Dhoot, A.V. (2015). Opportunities and Challenges in Consumer Electronics & Home Appliances. CEAMA. Consumer Electronics and Appliances Manufacturers Association.

Ernst & Young (2015).Study on Indian electronics and consumer durables segment (AC, refrigerators, washing machines, TVs). Ernst & Young Pvt. Ltd.

Heale, R. & Twycross, A.(2015). Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. Evid-Based Nurs:1-3.

Korb, K. (2012). Conducting Educational Research. Validity of Instruments. 2012. Korbed. Psychology

t is worth noting that batting was not strongly associated with attendance. High-scoring, offensive baseball did not resonate with baseball fans in a statistically significant way. Stadium size also did not have a strong correlation. This is a critical insight because stadium size has often been viewed as a constraint for attendance, especially when a team has a high degree of popularity. n fact, our data shows that teams in smaller stadiums were more likely to have sellouts, even when that team had a poor won-lost record, such as the Pittsburg Pirates. Most teams fell well short of maximum capacity, indicating that for all but a small minority of teams stadium capacity was not a significant constraint on attendance.

The mean attendance in major league baseball in 2005 was 2,496,457.9 for a team, or 30,820.5 per game. There was no mode. The median attendance was 2,523,082 or 31,149 per game. The…...

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It is worth noting that batting was not strongly associated with attendance. High-scoring, offensive baseball did not resonate with baseball fans in a statistically significant way. Stadium size also did not have a strong correlation. This is a critical insight because stadium size has often been viewed as a constraint for attendance, especially when a team has a high degree of popularity. In fact, our data shows that teams in smaller stadiums were more likely to have sellouts, even when that team had a poor won-lost record, such as the Pittsburg Pirates. Most teams fell well short of maximum capacity, indicating that for all but a small minority of teams stadium capacity was not a significant constraint on attendance.

The mean attendance in major league baseball in 2005 was 2,496,457.9 for a team, or 30,820.5 per game. There was no mode. The median attendance was 2,523,082 or 31,149 per game. The difference between the median and mean is 328.5 fans per game, which is only marginally significant (1.06% of the mean). The data is therefore considered to be well-dispersed. The standard deviation from the mean is 661,569.7 people, which indicates a fairly high degree of disparity in the results. The range has no skew.

The range for the data is from 1,141,915 for Tampa Bay to 4,090,440 for the New York Yankees. The correlation with salary is immediately evident, as Tampa Bay had the lowest salary in baseball at 29.7 while the Yankees had the highest at 208.3 million. The correlation with wins is also in evidence, given that Tampa Bay had just 67 wins while the Yankees had 95 wins. The lack of correlation with batting is also in evidence -- Tampa Bay batted .274 while the Yankees batted .276.

Descriptive Statistics

Test subjects were 53.3% male and 46.7% female, as shown in the bar graph on the accompanying Excel spreadsheet. The test population has a mean age of 15.9 years (standard deviation=0.80). These descriptive statistics validate the randomized population of the research study, as the population is almost evenly split between males and females and the mean age is also very close to the median age (16) of the study's population (Healy, 2009). As ACT and SAT scores vary in their nominal values (a top score on the ACT test is 36, a top score on the SAT is 2400), scores were recorded as percentages of the total score to enable meaningful analysis of varying means (i.e. A score of 29 on the ACT and of 1920 on the SAT would both be recorded as 0.80) (Kaplan, 2004). Mean scores on the ACT were 0.47 (standard deviation=0.27), while mean scores…...

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References

Healy, J. (2009). Statistics. Mason, OH: Cengage.

Kaplan. (2004). SAT and ACT Score Comparison. Accessed 23 March 2009. http://phs.prs.k12.nj.us/guidance/sat_act_comparison.pdf

Kohn, A. (2000). The Case Against Standardized Testing. New York: Heinemann.

. Grouped Frequency Distributions:Age Group 1:Interval (ms)TallyFrequencyRelative FrequencyCumulative FrequencyCumulative Relative Frequency-16 to -11-0.220.2-10 to -6----00-5 to -1-------0.110.20 to 4-------------0.220.25 to 9-------0.220.210 to 14---0.3330.33Age Group 2:Interval (ms)TallyFrequencyRelative FrequencyCumulative FrequencyCumulative Relative Frequency-3 to 1-------0.220.22 to 6---0.440.47 to 11-------0.3330.3312 to 16-------------0.110.12. Answers:A) The percentage of over-50-year-olds who made errors of 5 milliseconds or less can be found by adding the relative frequencies of the intervals with positive errors that are 5 ms or less:0.2 + 0 + 0.2 = 0.4 or 40%Therefore, 40% of the over-50-year-olds made errors of 5 milliseconds or less.B) To determine how many participants in age group 1 made underestimations of the time interval, we need to add up the frequencies of the intervals with negative errors:1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4Therefore, 4 participants in age group 1 made underestimations of the time interval.C) To determine how many over-50-year-olds made underestimations, we need to add up…...

health care centers (PHCC) in Stockholm County, 40 of them were randomly selected using an old-fashioned, non-probability method of basically drawing names from a hat. The author notes, "every PHCC was given a unique number that was written on a paper card and placed in a pot. For transparency, two colleagues independently drew 20 paper cards each, a total of 40." Of these 40, one declined to participate. Therefore, 39 PHCCs were selected, and one nurse from each PHCC served as contact person. The sample size is adequate and actually fairly large for the study. Although unconventional, bias was not introduced by using this method of sample selection, and the sample can be considered representative of the population given the randomness of the PHCC selection procedure. Eligibility criteria are also clearly identified, as the contact person nurse needed to comply with the study design, namely to distribute anonymous questionnaires…...

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References

Sundborg, E.M., Saleh-Stattin, N., Wandell, P. & Tornkvist, L. (2012). Nurses' preparedness to care for women exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: a quantitative study in primary health care. BMC Nursing 11(1). Retrieved online:  http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6955-11-1

Chi-Squared Test Where Continuous Data Has Been Transformed Into Categorical Data
Using Continuous data as categorical

Statistical analysis can provide a robust approach to assess data, using the raw data to generate useful results which may provide insights into the phenomena being examined. For the results to be meaningful and useful it is essential that the most appropriate method tests are utilized (Bryman & Bell, 2011). In the research undertaken by azmjou et al., (2009) a decision way made to transform one type of variable, changing it from a continuous variable into a categorical variable. BMI, which is a continuous variable, was changed into categories of normal, overweight, and obese (azmjou et al., 2009). Usually, transforming continuous data into categorical data results in a loss of detail, so is usually ill-advised, but in some circumstances may help to more useful data (Bryman & Bell, 2011). The circumstances under which continuous variables may…...

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References

Bruce, N. (2009). Quantitative Methods for Health Research: A Practical Interactive Guide to Epidemiology and Statistics. Hoboken: Wiley-Interscience.

Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2011). Business Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Curwin, J., & Slater, R. (2006). Quantitative Methods for Business Decisions. London: Thompson Business Press.

Razmjou, H; Davis, A M, Jaglal, S B; Holtby, R; Richards, R, (2009), Cross-sectional analysis of baseline differences of candidates for rotator cuff surgery: a sex and gender perspective, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 10(26), retrieved 17th November 2015 from  http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/10/26

This analysis was deemed necessary as differences can exist on the basis of an overall group effect and not an individual variable (question) effect and visa versa.
Male Mean Per Question Analysis x Department

Source of Sum of d.f.

Mean

Variation

Squares between error

Required F. value: 4.21 ? < 0.05

Concluding Statement: With a received F. value of 1.04 and a required value of F = 4.21 the conclusion can be drawn that no statistically significant differences exist in attitude toward Career Choice, Professional Relationships and Development for male radiographer participants within the three health care departments at a probability level of 95%. Therefore, all three health care groups consisting of males perceive attitudes towards Career Choice, Professional Relationships and Development the same.

Female Mean Per Question Analysis x Department

Source of Sum of d.f.

Mean

Variation

Squares between error

Required F. Value: 4.21 ? < 0.05

Concluding Statement: With a received F. value of 0.1757 and a required value of F…...

ability of plants to respond to environmental factors such as soil temperatures. This paper examines the effects of arti-cially warmed environment using open-top chambers (OTCs). It investigates the effect of temperature changes on the growth of Dryas integrifolia. This is in light of the growing concern of the changing climatic weather condition more so in the cold climatic regions of the world. It hypothesizes the difference in growth of Dryas integrifolia exposed to OTC- treatment as compared to those in natural setting.
This study reveals that there is statistically significant difference in growth of Dryas integrifolia exposed to OTC- treatment as compared to those in natural setting. It gives a new view of the possibility that future change of climate might as well not be detrimental to the growth of natural vegetation in the arctic regions

Introduction

It is a scientific fact that plant development is subjected to environmental factors. Soil temperature…...

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References

Callaghan TV, Bjo rn LO, Chapin FS III et al. (2005). Arctic tundra and polar desert ecosystems. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment: Scienti-c Report, 243 -- 352.

CYSIP: Botany. (2012). Dryas integrifolia: Entire-leaf Mounta. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from  http://www.flora.dempstercountry.org/index.html 

Fenner, M. (1998). The phenology of growth and reproduction in plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Vol. 1 No. 1, 78-91.

Forchhammer, M.C., Rasch, M., & Rysgaard, S. (n.d.). A Conceptual Framework for Monitoring Climate Effects and Feedback in Arctic Ecosystems.

Sure! I can certainly help you with creating a research proposal and outline for your college paper on educational reform. Here is an example of how you can structure your proposal and outline, including proper spacing:

Research Proposal:

Title: Examining the Effectiveness of Educational Reform Initiatives in Enhancing Student Achievement

I. Introduction
A. Background and Context
B. Problem Statement
C. Research Questions
D. Significance of the Study

II. Literature Review
A. Overview of Educational Reform
B. Key Concepts and Theories
C. Previous Studies and Findings

III. Methodology
A. Research Design
B. Data Collection Methods
C. Sample Selection
D. Data Analysis Techniques

IV. Expected Results
A. Hypotheses
....

I. Introduction (200 words)
A. Background and Context: Provide a brief overview of the salon industry in Kidapawan City, highlighting its importance to the local economy and employment. Discuss the significance of customer relationship management skills in driving business performance in this competitive market.
B. Thesis Statement: Clearly state the central argument or hypothesis of the essay, which should focus on the positive correlation between customer relationship management skills and business performance in salons in Kidapawan City.

II. Literature Review (300 words)
A. Define and Discuss CRM Skills: Explain key concepts and theories related to customer relationship management skills, drawing upon relevant academic literature....

Title Ideas for an Essay on the Impact of COVID-19 on Health and Well-being

Concise and Direct:

The Profound Impact of COVID-19 on Human Health and Well-being
Unraveling the Health and Well-being Consequences of the Coronavirus Pandemic
COVID-19: A Global Health and Well-being Crisis

Descriptive and Informative:

The Emergence of COVID-19: A Multidimensional Assault on Health and Well-being
Exploring the Interconnected Effects of COVID-19 on Physical, Mental, and Social Well-being
Assessing the Health and Well-being Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Data-Driven and Quantifying:

The Numerical Toll of COVID-19: Quantifying Its Impact on Health and Well-being
Epidemiological Evidence on the Health and Well-being Outcomes....

Business statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data to help make informed business decisions. It involves using statistical methods and tools to analyze business trends, evaluate performance, forecast future outcomes, and identify opportunities for improvement. The information gathered through business statistics is used by managers, executives, and other decision-makers to guide strategic planning, resource allocation, and overall business operations.


Business statistics also plays a crucial role in risk management, as it helps businesses assess the likelihood of certain events occurring and the potential impact they could have on the company. By analyzing historical data, businesses can....