("Topic Overview," Glaucoma: Yahoo Health, para on "hat are the Symptoms?")
Diagnosis

Glaucoma is diagnosed by an ophthalmologist through a comprehensive eye exam that includes a visual acuity test, which measures the eyesight at various distances; a visual field test to measure the peripheral vision; tonometry, to measure the pressure inside the eye; dilated eye exam for examining the retina and optic nerve for signs of damage by putting special dilatory eye-drops in the eye; and by pachymetry, measurement of the thickness of the cornea by using an ultrasonic wave instrument. ("Glaucoma" National Eye Institute, "How is Glaucoma Detected?")

Treatment

Treatment for glaucoma is aimed at slowing the damage to the optic nerve. In adults, the eyesight already lost cannot be reversed while in children with congenital glaucoma some reversal is possible. Most treatments consist of lowering of the pressure in the eye (the intraocular pressure) through medication, laser treatment, or conventional surgery.

The…...

mla

Works Cited

Glaucoma" National Eye Institute: U.S. national Institutes of Health. April 2006. October 31, 2006.  http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/glaucoma/glaucoma_facts.asp 

Susceptibility to Glaucoma." Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): John Hopkins University. 2006. October 31, 2006.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=606657 

Overview" Glaucoma: Yahoo Health. June 25, 2004. October 31, 2006.  http://health.yahoo.com/ency/healthwise/hw158191 

What Increases your Risk?" Glaucoma: Yahoo Health. June 25, 2004. October 31, 2006.

Glaucoma is one of the health conditions that have generated significant attention in the health care sector because it is the second-leading cause of blindness. This disease is a major challenge because it progresses or develops without symptoms until it successfully damages the optic nerve. As a result, approximately 50% of people with this condition remain undiagnosed while nearly one in every ten people aged 80 years or more are affected by it (Parente, 2011). Given its tendency to develop without symptoms until it becomes severe, glaucoma is a major health risk to every individual ranging from newborns to the elderly. While standard treatments exist, glaucoma can cause loss of vision or total blindness because of pressure inside the eye.
Glaucoma, which is also known as increased intraocular pressure (IOP), is a condition attributable to insufficient drainage of aqueous humor from the eye's anterior chamber (Vera, 2013). The condition results in…...

mla

References

Parente, M. (2011, June). Nutrient Intervention for GLAUCOMA. Retrieved March 15, 2016,

from  https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000348.htm 

UCLA Health (n.d.). Cushing's Disease. Retrieved from University of California website:

 http://pituitary.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=54

Friedrich ilhelm Ernst Albrecht von Grafe, or Graefe, was born on May 22, 1828 and died July 20, 1870. Graefe He was considered by many, a Prussian pioneer and founding father of 19th century ophthalmology. (Daroff and Aminoff) Father to Albrecht von Graefe and son to Karl Ferdinand von Graefe, he was born in Finkenheerd, Brandenburg. In Berlin, he studied anatomy, natural sciences, logic, and philosophy, going abroad to study in London, Prague, Vienna, and Paris. (Daroff and Aminoff) It was while abroad that Graefe decided to devote special focus to the field of ophthalmology.
He traveled back to Berlin to become an oculist where he established a private institute for eye treatment. His thesis, Uber die irkung der Augenmuskeln, led to his habiltation and eight years later, a position as an associate professor of ophthalmology. (Daroff and Aminoff) Eight years after that in 1866, he gained the position of full…...

mla

Works Cited

Daroff, Robert B, and Michael J. Aminoff. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences. Academic Press, 2014.

Mach, Ernst, et al. Fundamentals of the Theory of Movement Perception by Dr. E. Mach. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 2001.

Pryse-Phillips, William. Companion to Clinical Neurology. Oxford UP, 2009.

Sjogren, Henrik. "A STUDY IN PSEUDOGLAUCOMA." Acta Ophthalmologica, vol. 24, no. 3, 1946, pp. 239-294.

Currently, I am working as a surgical technologist in two hospitals in Arkansas - Arkansas Children Hospital and the VA Hospital. I do surgical scrub on various cases of all surgical services, general, orthopedics, vascular, ENT, neurology, urology, and burns. To update and enhance my skills, I attended different medical training courses.
Since my youth, I had been in the scene of medicine. At the age of seventeen I was diagnosed with diabetes. Hence, in y sophomore years in college, I did a presentation on diabetes where I provided information on the symptoms, complications, and how to cope with diabetes. During my Junior year, I had family members that were diagnosed with breast cancer, glaucoma, heart attacks and thyroid problems.

Such experiences are my motivations in becoming a Physician Assistant. The feeling that I get from providing medical services is unfathomable and cannot be measured by anything....

United States from Nigeria in order to add to my life and career experience. I began my venture by joining the United States Navy. My main motivation for this was to raise the necessary funds to enroll in a college. After one year I was honorably discharged as a result of glaucoma, and I could not raise the funds that I needed. This however did not deter me from my plans and I enrolled in a local community college instead. Here I made the Dean's list after one semester, and received a scholarship. It is also here that I continued to develop my interest in finance and banking.
One of the reasons I want to continue with graduate work in this field then is the fact that my work and studies so far have unlocked the world of finance for me, and I find the pursuit of the field extremely…...

legalization of marijuana and its benefits to the society. Our arguments are focused on its medicinal value, income generated (economic value) to the state as well as the possible losses to tax payer's money as a result of trying to implement its prohibition. Our analysis is done via a thorough review of relevant literature containing expert opinions. We support our proposition that marijuana can be a benefit to society through its legalization. This is due to its medicinal value, revenue stream to the state and the reduced cost attributed to decreased prohibition budgets.
Marijuana which is the most commonly used illicit drug has faced has been heavily debated on issues of legalization and safe use. The debate has been so intense to an extent of which it has turned political (NYT, 2008). A recent study by Angus eid concluded that a majority of Americans are in support of marijuana legalization…...

mla

References

Angus-Reid (2009).Majority of Americans Support Legalizing Marijuana

 http://www.visioncritical.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/2009.12.09_Drugs_US.pdf 

British Medical Association (1997). Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis. Harwood Academic Pub.

Bensinger, P. (2010, Octobe 15). Legalizing marijuana unacceptable, danger to society. Chicago Tribune .

What makes the problem more challenging is the difficulty of measuring the intraocular pressure accurately in an eye with a KPro. In the Boston KPro the stiff back plate prevents measurements based on indentation of the cornea, even in its periphery. Scleral tonometry or the use of any device acting through the lids has been highly unreliable due to often distorted or scarred tissue arrangement. Despite all of variances, finger palpation over the upper lid with the patient looking down has been shown to be the best approach to gross judgment of the IOP (Melki, Lopez and Dohlman, 2009).
The KPros are manufactured to match the refractive need of the individual patient and, therefore, a substantial inventory is required to rapidly supply a device of the desired dimensions. For the eye that is pseudophakic and approximately emmetropic, and where the IOL is left in place at surgery, a single standard…...

mla

References

Ament, Jared D., Stryjewski, Tomasz P., Ciolino, Joseph B., Todani, Amit, Chodosh, James and Dohlman, Claes H. (2010). Cost-Effectiveness of the Boston Keratoprosthesis. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 149(2), p. 221-228.

Artificial Cornea - the Boston Keratoprosthesis. (n.d.). Retrieved May 4, 2010, from Web site:

 http://www.uic.edu/com/eye/Department/News/KeratoprosthesisInformation%20.pdf 

Birkholz, Emily S. And Goins, Kenneth M. (2009). Boston Keratoprosthesis an option for patients with multiple failed corneal grafts. Retrieved May 4, 2010, from Eye Rounds

Legalizing Marijuana
Recent ballot initiatives in states like California and Oregon asking for the decriminalization of marijuana use reveals a growing public acceptance of marijuana. The perception that marijuana is not dangerous has made drug enforcement even more difficult. Indeed, the debate over marijuana goes beyond health concerns, and touches issues such as crime and privacy as well.

This paper examines the debate to legalize marijuana. The first part of the paper examines the arguments of the pro-marijuana side, focusing on those who argue that the drug can have medicinal purposes. The next part then examines the potential dangers of legalized marijuana use, both to the individual and to public health in general. In the conclusion, the paper argues that marijuana use is not a "victimless" crime. The potential dangers that marijuana present to individual and public health are best upheld by keeping marijuana illegal.

Pro-legalization arguments

Prohibitions against the legalized use of marijuana…...

mla

Works Cited

Glasser, Ira. "Spotlight: Why Marijuana Law Should Matter to You." Marijuana. Louise I. Gerdes, ed. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2002.

Gottfried, Ted Should Drug Use Be Legalized? Connecticut: Twenty-First Century Books, 2000.

"Marijuana as Medicine: A Subtle Syllogism." The Economist. August 16, 1997. ProQuest Database.

Marshall, Donnie. "Drug Prohibition is Effective." Drug Legalization. Scott Barbour, ed. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000.

Vision, Senses and Motor Control
Diagram, Clockwise: optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculi

The visual cortex, also known as the striated cortex due to its many layers, is the primary system responsible for the first part of our visual processing. From there information travels to the brain via a secondary cortex which allows the brain to translate what we have seen into a meaningful concept. The "first stop shop" of the visual cortex includes the major structures identified on this diagram, after passing through the outer eye, pupil and retina.

The Optic Nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers carrying visual messages from the retina to the brain. Via millions of fibers in the optic nerve, input of light and electrical signals from each eye and the outside world travel and meet the brain at the optic chiasm ("Function: visual pathway," ). This is the area where signals…...

mla

Works Cited:

Dahl, A.A., Stoppler, M.C,, & Shiel Jr., W.C. (2010, November 05). Glaucoma. Retrieved from  http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=373 

Function: visual pathway of the eye. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://library.thinkquest.org/25607/functionVisualPathway.php3#Cortex

Wurtz, RH, & Albano, JE. (1980). Visual-motor function of the primate superior colliculus.

Annual Review of Neuroscience, 3. Retrieved from  http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ne.03.030180.001201

Some of the funding is to come from a national prevention trust fund (Kaiser Fdn, 2010). However there are additional funding resources for the near-term that are readily assessable.
Social Justice

The National Secretary of Health has been called on to launch a national quality plan designed to address the issue of social injustice and improve the level of service to every state. Specific to this program are the rates for Maryland in tracking the mortality rates of all with diabetes. Including the elderly women and minority women with the specific indicators to track and monitor being race and gender. This will go along way in finally getting a better idea of what the numbers in Maryland for diabetes mortality.

Understanding that elderly women and older minority women in particular are retired and have little income or are unemployed (Mitchell et al., 1994). Therefore their income is even lower than their non-Hispanic…...

mla

References

CDC.gov. (1999). Centers for disease control and preventative diabetes

Surveillance. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/survl99/chap2/table01.htm .

DHMH. (2011). Diabetes self-managed education. Retreived March 14, 2011 from http://fha.maryland.gov/cdp/diabetes_education.cfm

Kaiser Foundation. (2010). Facts on health reform. Retrieved March 14, 2011 from  http://www.kff.org/healthreform/upload/8016-02.pdf

Even proponents of medical legalization concede marijuana cannot cure or even alleviate the symptoms of MS or glaucoma, merely act as a narcotic. True, other narcotics exist on the market today -- and like marijuana, they are also addictive. Whether they are more or less addictive than marijuana remains uncertain, but advocates say the chronically ill should be able to choose what works best for them while opponents say only tested, carefully titrated drugs should be used as palliatives.
Weighing the rights of the sick with marijuana's long and short-term side effects is a delicate balance. When marijuana is smoked, users often suffer similar short as well as long-term problems to those of regular smokers, including a smoker's cough and breathing problems. In fact, "marijuana smoke contains 50% to 70% more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than does tobacco smoke" (Legalization of marijuana, 2010, Legalization of marijuana). The active agent in marijuana, THC,…...

mla

References

Amsterdam drugs. (2005). Amsterdam Info. Retrieved July 14, 2010 at  http://www.amsterdam.info/drugs/ 

DuPont, J. (2007, October 30). On the legalization or not of marijuana. The New York Times.

Retrieved July 14, 2010 at  http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/on-the-legalization-or-not-of-marijuana/ 

Legalization of marijuana. (20110). Legalization of marijuana.

, and otjak, C. (2006). Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Mediates Fear Extinction via Habituation-Like Processes. The Journal of Neuroscience 26(25): 6677-6686.
Kim, S., on, S., Mao, X., Ledent, C., Jin, K. And Greenberg, D. (2006). Role for Neuronal Nitric-Oxide Synthase in Cannabinoid-Induced Neurogenesis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2006; 319(1): 150-154

Kogan, N., Blazquez, C., Alvarex, L., Gallily, R., Schlesinger, M., Guzman, A., and Mechoulam, R. (2006). A Cannabinoid Quinone Inhibits Angiogenesis by Targeting Vascular Endothelial Cells. Mol Pharmacol 70:51-59.

Lundqvist, T. (2005). Cognitive Consequences of Cannabis Use: Comparison with use of Stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functions. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 81: 319-330.

Maccarrone, M., Lorenzon, T., Bari, M., Melino, G., and Finazzi-Agro, A. (2000). Anandamide Induces Apoptosis in Human Cells via Vanilloid Receptors

Evidence For A Protective Role Of Cannabinoid Receptors. J. Biol. Chem., 275 (41): 31938-31945.

Massi, P., Vaccani, A., Ceruti, S., Colombo, S., Abbracchio, M., and Parolaro,…...

mla

Works Cited

Bolla, K., Brown, K., Eldreth, D., Tate, B., and Cadet, J. (2002). Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use. Neurology 59:1337-1343.

Farthing, G. (1992) The Psychology of Consciousness. Prentice Hall

Gazzaniga, M., Ivry R., and Mangun, G. (1998) Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind W.W. Norton & Company.

Grant, I., Gonzalez, R., Carey, C., Natatajan, L., and Wolfson, T. (2003). Non-acute (residual) neurocognitive effects of cannabis use: A meta-analytic study.

In the third trimester of pregnancy, caution must be taken concerning congestive heart failure, hypertension and decreased renal and hepatic function, interstitial nephritis, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and renal papillary necrosis, anticoagulation abnormalities, leucopenia, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. The use of Celecoxib is aimed primarily at suppressing pain and inflammatory stimuli, but it may contribute to NSAID gastrointestinal toxicity. The lowest possible dose of celecoxib should be prescribed and taken. On the whole, NSAIDs can mask the usual signs of infection, therefore, caution must be taken in the presence of existing controlled infection. The physician should investigate symptoms and signs, which suggest liver dysfunction or abnormal liver lab results.
On September 30, 2004, Merck and Company voluntarily withdrew rofecoxib from the American and world markets because of its association with an increase in cardiovascular incidence (Keldaya 2005). A major Food and Drug Administration study linked the medication to a three-fold rise in the…...

mla

Bibliography

Avicena. (2005). Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome. Disease Targets. Avicena Group. http://www.avidenagroup.com/disease_targets/neuromuscular/cmt_php?print=on

Kedlaya, D. (2005). Charcot-Marie=Tooth Syndrome. eMedicine.com, Inc. http://www.emedicine.com/arthoped/topic43.ht

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2005). Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome. Genes and Diseases. U.S. National Library of Medicine.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv_fcgi?call=bv.view.ShowSection&rid=gnd.section.197 

National Human Genome Researc Institute. (2004). Learning About Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. National Institutes of Health.  http://www.genome.gov/11009201

A group of authors note, "In the United States, an increase from fewer than four percent to more than 50% of new cases of type 2 diabetes in the pediatric population was reported between the years of 1982 and 1998" (Leung, Kamla, Lee, and Mak). This means that children in our family could come down with the disease earlier in life, and they would have to manage their disease throughout their lives.
After diagnosis, without treatment, the disease can progress. One of the problems with the disease is that people often do not know they have the disease, and so it progresses before they gain treatment. Therefore, it is important to know the symptoms of diabetes. They can include fatigue and weakness, dehydration (often due to increased urination), increased thirst, weight loss, blurred vision, and confusion. There can also be some severe, long-term complications from type 2 diabetes. It can…...

mla

References

Draznin, Boris. "T2D: The Longest Mile Type 2 Diabetes." USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) Sept. 2007: 74+.

Leung, Raymond W., Jim Kamla, Man-Cheong Lee, and Jennifer Y. Mak. "Preventing and Treating Type 2 Diabetes through a Physically Active Lifestyle." JOPERD -- The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 78.4 (2007): 38+.

Masharani, Umesh. Diabetes Demystified. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Doctors use a fasting plasma glucose test to confirm a diagnosis of type-two diabetes. A patient must fast for 8 hours prior to giving a blood sample (http://diabetes.webmd.com/guide/diagnosing-type-2-diabetes). If it is determine that the patient has diabetes, the doctor will prescribe diet management and exercise. In some cases, insulin shots or pills may also be prescribed.
Unlike type-one diabetes, type-two develops because of lifestyle choices. If you are overweight and get little or no exercise, you have a greater chance of developing type-two diabetes. Other un-controllable factors known to contribute to type-two diabetes include: family history, age, race, ethnicity and a low body weight at birth (https://members.kaiserpermanente.org/kpweb/healthency.do?hwid=hw135189&sectionId=ur1000&contextId=hw135189).

COMPLICATIONS AND EFFECTS OF DIABETES

There are many long-term health issues are associated with diabetes. If a patient fails to be diagnosis or a patient does not maintain their insulin schedule, complications may occur. Diabetics have a higher likelihood of developing eye problems than non-diabetic…...

mla

References

Websites:

www.webmd.com www.diabetes.org www.kaiserpermanente.org

Articles:

Bakalar, N. "Diabetes: A state-by-State Breakdown," New York Times, October 12, 2009.