95). While many nationalities have such established support systems already in place, many such immigrant support networks remain weak today (amirez, 2002).
Furthermore, these elderly citizens will likely be accustomed to a level of respect and honor that may be missing from the cultural setting upon their arrival in the United States, further contributing to the potential for "culture shock." According to Haskins (1999), culture shock is "a feeling of impotence that results from the inability to deal with the environment because of unfamiliarity with cognitive aspects and role-playing skills; we usually think of culture shock when we imagine immigrant groups visiting or moving to a new country" (p. 122). There are opportunities for culture shock across all measures for new immigrant, many of them unperceived and unexpected from the host nation's perspective. For example, Stanger (1999) notes that despite the ready availability of a modern metro subway system, most…...

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References

Aroian, K.J., Chiang, L., & Norris, a.E. (2003). Gender differences in psychological distress among immigrants from the Former Soviet Union. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 39.

Cross, S.E. (1995). Self-construals, coping, and stress in cross-cultural adaptation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26(6), 673-97.

Haskins, D. (1999). Culture Shock. College Teaching, 47(4), 122.

Inose, M., & Yeh, C. (2002). Difficulties and Coping Strategies of Chinese, Japanese and Korean Immigrant Students. Adolescence, 37(145), 69.

In the 1970's the first major military regime collapsed and there was a brief return to democracy. However, a new military power returned and took control until 1998. Democracy returned to Nigeria in the election of 1999, and the country has remained a democratic nation ever since, despite long rooted divisions still tormenting parts of the nation.
In 1950, three years after the ritish left India, an Indian constitution was drafted to ensure the nation would remain in democratic hands. The initial formation of the independent state stipulated on the split between India and Pakistan. Pakistan was a region which was largely Muslim, in contrast to the majority of Hindus in mainland India. After the constitution was written in 1950, India has had its fair share of ethnic divisions and conflicts which threatened its ties to democracy. India's constant conflict with Pakistan has also been a source of violence and…...

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Both India and Nigeria had been under British rule for generations. As the sun fell on the British Empire, both eventually gained their independence. However, this independence reached limited initial success and came about very differently in both regions. Before eventually entering a democratic style of government, Nigeria was ruled by military forces after the British pulled out. Slowly, it has come to become more of a democratic nation. On the other hand, India has seen more success in its move to democracy, despite some problems. After independence in 1947, only about three passed before India molded into a democratic nation.

Nigeria achieved its independence from the British in 1960. After the British left their African colony, the country was thrown into military rule for the next thirty years. Initially, several different power houses opted to create their own nations. Divisions sprouted between the Muslim and Christian majorities within the small African nation. Corrupted democratic elections led to military overthrows which dominated the political scene until the 1990's. Skirmishes broke out between the eastern and western portions of Nigeria, and the country was in violent upheaval for several generations. In the 1970's the first major military regime collapsed and there was a brief return to democracy. However, a new military power returned and took control until 1998. Democracy returned to Nigeria in the election of 1999, and the country has remained a democratic nation ever since, despite long rooted divisions still tormenting parts of the nation.

In 1950, three years after the British left India, an Indian constitution was drafted to ensure the nation would remain in democratic hands. The initial formation of the independent state stipulated on the split between India and Pakistan. Pakistan was a region which was largely Muslim, in contrast to the majority of Hindus in mainland India. After the constitution was written in 1950, India has had its fair share of ethnic divisions and conflicts which threatened its ties to democracy. India's constant conflict with Pakistan has also been a source of violence and strife. However, despite such conflicts, India has held on to its democratic ideals and original 1950 constitution and formulation of government figures. In comparison to the thirty years of military rule seen in Nigeria, India has held on to their democratic traditions.

Enhancing Ethnic Diversity at a Big Ten University Through Project TEAM" by Christine I. Bennett covers an instructional program called Project Transformative Education Achievement Model (TEAM) is used to increase ethic diversity at a Big Ten University (Indiana University), which has a predominately white student base. The author discusses how minorities are under represented as teachers across the nation, and this matches their lower rates for completing high school and college than their white counterparts. Since the 1980s, many programs to encourage and support minorities in their quest for higher education have been created, and many of these programs were geared specifically to encouraging minorities to become educators. Specifically, Project TEAM began in 1996, and this is a discussion of its application at Indiana University, and its success. The Project TEAM recruitment and scholarship program seems to have increased minority enrollment in education at the Bloomington Campus, and the…...

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References

Bennett, Christine I. "Enhancing Ethnic Diversity at a Big Ten University Through Project TEAM."

Ethnic minorities that were previously discriminated were provided with more chances of experiencing success in integrating the French society as a result of this measure. "The president also proposed requiring 100 large companies to experiment with recruitment based on anonymous CVs, to combat rampant discrimination against names revealing an immigrant origin" (Galliot, 2008). Even with the fact that Sarkozy appears to be determined about creating equal opportunities for ethnic minorities, conditions in France are critical because the president's set of programs are ineffective and particular groups are still discriminated on a daily basis. Considering that there was only one black individual in the French National Assembly in 2008, it is obvious that France was not prepared to deal with one of its main values-equality-at the time. "France officially has no minorities-everyone is by definition equal. The law prohibits statistics based on race or religion" (Harriss 2006). Although the general public…...

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Works cited:

1. Azouz Begag, Ethnicity and Equality: France in the Balance trans. Alec G. Hargreaves, (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2007).

2. Esapzai, Samar. "True democracy or pseudo-democracy?" Retrieved December 5, 2010, from the Online Journal Website:  http://onlinejournal.com/artman/publish/article_6125.shtml 

3. Galliot, Lorena. "Promoting ethnic diversity through social criteria." Retrieved December 5, 2010, from the france24 Website:  http://www.france24.com/en/20081218-promoting-ethnic-diversity-through-social-criteria-france-sarkozy-yazid-sabeg 

4. Harriss, Joseph a. "Riots? What Riots?," the American Spectator, February 2006.

It is their behavior that has created such great concern and continues to wreak havoc on helpless children who probably feel defenseless. Society should not be shocked or dismayed when occasionally one of these victims grows up with a rage for revenge so painful as to go on a rampage. Of course, when that happens, the media and school administrators proclaim that being teased is no excuse, all students are teased. This is absurdity, since if it were true, psychologist and doctors would not be expressing concern. Conversely, what of the victim who drops out of school to stop the pain or even the ones who commit suicide?
Schools, teachers, parents and others are failing the youngest and most innocent who are victimized by their peers. Many studies have been conducted, surely examining the process of becoming a victim, or who becomes a victim and why. Research about the sad…...

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Bibliography

Graham, Sandra, Bellmore, Amy, Nishina, Adrienne, & Juvonen, Jaana. (2009) "It Must Be Me": Ethnic Diversity and Attributions for Peer Victimization in Middle School. Journal of Youth

and Adolescence: A Multidisciplinary Research Publication, 38(4), pp 487-499. doi: 10.2007/s10964-008-9386-4. Retrieved from:  http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6ks014wp

Kwanzaa and Me: A Teacher's Story is Vivian Gussin Paley's personal account of race relations and institutionalized racism in American public schools. The author has taught for several decades in American public schools including a stint in pre-Brown v. Board of Education New Orleans. Paley's credentials for writing Kwanzaa and Me are therefore strong. The book suffers a little in terms of structure and organization but it is a compelling argument in favor of more open dialogue. Writing from the perspective of a Jewish woman also enhances the credibility of Paley's argument because although an invisible minority, the sense of being culturally different is an important perspective. Paley writes mainly as a white woman who has taught a large number of black students in her public school classrooms before realizing the weaknesses that are embedded into the educational system.
Paley has written about race relations in the classroom before, such as…...

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References

Shipler, D.K. (1995). Are white schools bad for black children? The New York Times. 19 Feb, 1995. Retrieved online:  http://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/19/books/are-white-schools-bad-for-black-children.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm 

Paley, V.G. (1995). Kwanzaa and Me: A Teacher's Story. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Diversity
Public school teachers are disproportionately white, middle-class females, in spite of the student body becoming increasingly diverse across the nation. As many as ninety percent of grade school teachers are white, but as many as thirty percent of students are persons of color, according to an article by Christine I. Bennett entitled "Enhancing Ethnic Diversity at a Big Ten University Through Project TEAM." The under-representation of teachers from various ethnic minority groups is a detriment for students of color, who are commonly placed in remedial learning classes and who have relatively low rates of high school completion. In order to correct this imbalance and provide students of color with an enriched learning environment, a group of researchers designed and implemented a program at several Indiana University campuses to recruit, support, and help graduate students of color in an educational tract. Called Project Transformative Educational Achievement Model (TEAM), the program is…...

.." (Fluker, 2006). According to research, 90% of faculty and 75% of students enrolled in doctoral religious studies programs in the United States and Canada are Caucasian (American Academy of eligion, 2003). Fluker argues (and rightfully so), "Without racial and ethnic diversity, schools fail to create a positive institutional climate in which students from all backgrounds can succeed. Without racial and ethnic diversity, students fail to meet and learn from role models and mentors they can emulate in their own vocations. Without racial and ethnic diversity, students of all races fail to learn how to relate to the diverse world in which they will live and work after graduation..."
The fourth article "Education Groups Push for Greater Diversity in Teaching Force" defends the fact that "a lack of racial and cultural diversity among teachers is hurting the chances of success for minority students..." (Cox, Matthews & Associates, 2004). esearch suggests that…...

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References

Cherwitz, R.A. (2004). Capitalizing on unintended consequences: Lessons on diversity from Texas (Reality Check). Peer Review 6 (3), 33-36.

Fluker, S.W. (2006). Diversity delayed, excellence denied. Diverse Issues in Higher Education, 23 (4), 59-60.

Noteworthy News (2004). Education groups push for greater diversity in teaching force. Black Issues in Higher Education, 21(21), 14-15.

Valentin, S. (2006). Addressing diversity in teacher education programs

Diversity and Teaching
Perhaps no other institution so clearly reflects the diversity of individuals in America as that of public school systems. After the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) case that ruled segregation a constitutionally prohibited practice, schools have been struggling to incorporate and value the diversity in students. However, this has not been an easy endeavor given the influx of illegal immigrants into America and the declining funding available for school districts.

While immigration continues to change the once homogenous makeup of classroom's throughout America, teachers, administrators and students continue to struggle with the implementation of practices designed to address a discernable minority-based achievement gap in test scores, grades, and overall successes in education. With the increase in student's in America's classrooms that do not speak English as a native language and who continue to struggle with language acquisition, it is more important than ever to objectively evaluate the effects…...

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References:

The United States Commission on Civil Rights (2006). The Benefits of Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Elementary and Secondary Education: A Briefing Before. Washington, D.C., Retrieved from:  http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/112806diversity.pdf 

Grissmer, D., Flanagan, A., Kawata, J., & Williamson, S. (2000). Improving student achievement: What state NAEP test scores tell us. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

Diversity: Demographic Dynamism and Metropolitan Change
This is a paper concerning the article Demographic Dynamism and Metropolitan Change. There is one reference used for this paper.

Demographics are changing in many major cities throughout the United States. It is interesting to compare four major cities and the changes occurring there.

Changing Demographics

There are a number of factors which influence demographic dynamism and urban theory. These factors include "state of urban theory, population factor, people vs. place orientation, black-white conceptions of race and life-cycle trajectories in the city (Myers, 1999)." It has been noted that all ethnic groups will make advances in terms of housing and economic goals over a period of time, however upward mobility is often neglected by urban scholars. Upward mobility is "measured by two major outcomes important to both people and the places they live: poverty and homeownership (Myers, 1999)."

Comparing Cities

When comparing four major cities in terms of demographics, it…...

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References

Myers, Dowell. (1999) Demographic Dynamism and Metropolitan Change: Comparing

Los Angeles, New York, Chicago and Washington, D.C. Housing Policy Debate,

Vol. 10, Issue 4. pp. 919-954. (accessed 07 January, 2003).  http://www.fanniemaefoundation.org/programs/hpd/pdf/hpd_1004_myers.pdf .

Introduction
According to Phinney and Alipuria (1987), ethnic self-identity is the sense of self that an individual feels; being a member of an ethnic group, along with the behavior and attitudes with that feeling (p. 36). The authors point out that the development of ethnic identity is an evolution from the point of an ethnic identity that is not examined through an exploration period, so as to resonate with a specified and attained ethnic identity (p. 38).

Ethnic identity refers to a feeling, attitude and identification of one with the behavior and character of people of a specified culture and cultural ethos. They often have a common origin, values, beliefs, practices, customs and other commonalities. Therefore, as opposed to the race concept in which the physical traits are the main controlling factor, ethnicity relates to the common values, beliefs and concepts help by a group of people (Yeh & Huang, 1996).

Ethnic Minority…...

35). Information can also be added that relates to families, parents, and others whose primary culture and language are not in the mainstream.
Using children's literature to teach diversity: It is not a new idea for teachers to use literature to educate young children. But because Gillian Potter and colleagues assert that teachers are being challenged "as never before" to create experiences that are culturally meaningful to all children -- literature has come under a new and vitally important focus. And for those purposes, children's literature is a "powerful resource" to aid children in the knowledge of their known world, and literature allows them to travel to other worlds and "explore the unfamiliar" (Potter, 2009, p. 108).

For children of diverse cultures literature enhances their development of language, it fosters intellectual development and supports the growth of the child's personality and moral development as well, Potter goes on (p. 2). Moreover,…...

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Reference List

Biles, Barbara. (2008). Activities that Promote Racial and Cultural Awareness. KCET. Retrieved

January 26, 2011, from  http://www.pbs.org/ .

Corso, Robert M., Santos, Rosa Milagros, and Roof, Virginia. (2002). Honoring Diversity in Early Childhood Education Materials. Teaching Exceptional Children.

Gonzalez-Mena, Janet, and Pulido-Tobiassen, Dora. (1999). Teaching "Diversity": A Place to Begin. Early Childhood Today. Retrieved January 26, 2010, from http://www2.scholartic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3499&print=1.

Kizilos and others showed that diverse organizations portrayed reduced pro-social organizational behavior compared to homogenous groups, and Pelled and others, showed proof that increased standards of ethnic diversity are linked to more emotional contradiction in organizations. iordan and Shore showed that in diverse organizations, employees are less considered to be committed or view that they are prone to grow in the organization. (Pitts; Jarry, 2005)
With this contextual understanding we could have a comprehension of the 'Social Identification and Categorization Theory'. The social identification theory shows that people involve in several social comparisons to others on the basis of ethnicity, gender, religion, and socio-economic standing, amongst others. Empirical research has indicated that people mostly accord negative features to members of the out-group due to this process, understanding the out-group to be consisting of persons who are less honest, faithful, and cooperative or being intelligent. The procedures of categorization mostly include…...

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References

Dessler, Gary. (2002). "Human Resource Management."

Prentice Hall

Ely, Robin J; Thomas, David a. (2001, Jun) "Cultural Diversity at Work: The Effects of Diversity Perspectives on Work Group Processes and Outcomes" Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 229-273.

Fine, Marlene G. (1996) "Cultural Diversity in the Workplace: The State of the Field" Journal of Business Communication, vol. 33, no. 4, pp: 485-502.

Diversity Consciousness
Expanding Diversity Consciousness

Diversity can be viewed in many ways and it can be experienced in both outer and inner phenomena. We find that diversity of people is present in our dreams, feelings, states, religions, thoughts, ethnicities, ages, political views, sexual orientations and physical abilities. A life can become more sustainable and richer through these differences. We all know that there is not one kind of vegetable, person or point-of-view. In simple words diversity can be defined as a welcoming attitude and an integration of diverse people and elements. This research paper is based on learning, identifying and evaluating diversity practices in any place. I want to explore how the environment and places help people to create and compare their intended purposes.

Expanding Diversity Consciousness

Introduction

Every state or a country has some ethnic minorities. These minorities are basically the groups that differ in their language, religion or way of living. Similarly in…...

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References

Bestelmeyer, B.T., Miller, J.R., & Wiens, J.A. (2007). Applying Species Diversity Theory to Land Management. Ecological Applications, 13, 1750-1761.

Cox, T., & Nkomo, S.M. (1990). Invisible men and women: a status report on race as a variable in organization behavior research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 419-431.

Harrison, D.A., Price, K.H., & Bell, M.P. (1998). Beyond relational demography: time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 96-107.

Janofsky, M. (2005). Gay Rights Battlefields Spread to Public Schools. Retrieved July 21, 2012, from  http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/09/education/09clash.html?pagewanted=all

Diversity
Global Awareness and Cultural and Racial Diversity

The need to successfully promote global awareness and cultural and racial diversity took on a completely new meaning recently. "There are over six billion people on this planet we call Earth. Diversity is more than just a notion. The term diversity has been defined by Merriam-ebster online as meaning 'differing from one another or unlike. Composed of distinct or unlike elements or qualities', this word is also used to simply mean different." (Burns) By Barak Obama becoming the nation's first black president, we have forever changed the nation's future; but in a sense, this momentous election will also alter how we will forever look at our nations past history. For more than two hundred years, the United States of America was traditionally managed by older white guys and by them being in charge, the world's thinking was shaped. The expectations of every minority have…...

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Works Cited, continued

Schniedewind, Nancy. "There Ain't No White People Here!": The Transforming Impact of Teachers' Racial Consciousness on Students and Schools. Equity & Excellence in Education. 2005, 38: 280 -- 289.

The Significance of Skin Color in Ancient Egyptian Historical Identity
Skin color played a significant role in the historical identity of ancient Egyptians, shaping their cultural perceptions, social hierarchy, and interactions with other civilizations. Despite the common misconception of ancient Egyptians as solely a dark-skinned people, archaeological evidence and historical accounts reveal a more nuanced understanding of their diverse skin tones.
Historical Representations
Ancient Egyptian art depicts individuals with a wide range of skin colors, from light to dark. Statues, paintings, and reliefs show individuals with fair, olive, and reddish-brown skin, reflecting the ethnic diversity of the population. While dark skin tones were....