Dengue fever is a global health concern. Traditionally, this mosquito-borne disease affects around one-third of the world's population, living in tropical and subtropical areas of the Pacific, Southeast Asia and the Americas (Guzman, et al., 2013). This means that around 2.5 billion people are at risk for an infection, many of them in countries that have inadequate health care facilities. Indeed, there is currently an outbreak in the Solomon Islands, which has led to Australia and New Zealand sending doctors to deal with the outbreak (ANN, 2013).
Dengue infects as many as 100 million people annually, and there are four dengue viruses. All are spread by mosquitoes, and there are no vaccines (CDC, 2013). Dengue emerged as a global health problem in the 1950s, primarily because the mosquito carriers of the viruses prefer urban environments, which were uncommon in the tropics prior to that time. hile incidences in the United States…...

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Works Cited:

ANN. (2013). Dengue fever spreads to Solomon Islands' provinces. Australia Network News. Retrieved April 13, 2013 from  http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-09/an-solomon-islands-dengue-fever-outbreak-spreads/4618948 

CDC. (2013). Dengue. Center for Disease Control. Retrieved April 13, 2013 from  http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/ 

Guzman, M. (2013). Dengue: A continuing global threat. Nature Retrieved April 13, 2013 from  http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v8/n12_supp/full/nrmicro2460.html 

HealthMap.org. (2013). DengueMap. Health Map.org. Retrieved April 13, 2013 from  http://www.healthmap.org/dengue/index.php

Tracking Dengue Fever in China
Dengue Fever

Dengue is a viral disease transmitted from host to host by mosquitoes (Shepherd, 2012, Background). Many tropical and subtropical regions of the world are currently combating this disease, including 112 countries in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australia. These regions are home to almost 3 billion people, therefore nearly half of the world's population is at risk for becoming infected with dengue. Currently, between 50 and 100 million people become infected with the virus each year.

Unfortunately, the number of reported cases of Dengue fever is increasing in many of these regions, including the Americas, South-East Asia, and the Western Pacific (Shepherd, 2012, Background). This report will review what is understood about this disease, its mode of transmission, ongoing efforts to control its spread, and how public health virologists track outbreaks.

Etiology

The virus that causes dengue fever is a single-stranded NA virus, which is encoded by an…...

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References

DVBD (Division of Vector Borne Diseases). (2011). Information on Aedes albopictus. U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 18 Apr. 2012 from  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/arbor/albopic_new.htm .

Jing, Qin-Long, Yang, Zhi-Cong, Luo, Lei, Xiao, Xin-Cai, Di, Biao, He, Peng et al. (2012). Emergence of dengue virus 4 genotype II in Guangzhou, China, 1010: Survey and molecular epidemiology of one community outbreak. BMC Infectious Diseases, 12,

NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases). (2007). Dengue Fever. National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 18 Apr. 2012 from  http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/DengueFever/Understanding/Pages/Symptoms.aspx .

Shepherd, Suzanne M. (2012). Dengue. Medscape Reference. Retrieved 18 Apr. 2012 from  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215840-overview .

2 to $44.4 million (NIAID, 2011).
The President's proposed 2013 budget also shifts funding around to effectively increase contributions to the Global Fund to Fight AIDs, Tuberculosis and Malaria by 60%, which should indirectly help dengue vector control programs and improve health system infrastructures in developing countries (ASTMH, 2013). Importantly, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation contributed $1.5 billion dollars to this fund (Gates, 2013) and Germany is contributing another billion Euros (Niebel, 2013).

Other disaster relief organization can help provide the needed financial and personnel resources for a dengue outbreak response. The largest dengue outbreak ever recorded in Africa occurred in October/November 2009 on the island state of Cape Verde (MSF, 2009; IFC, 2009). An estimated 13,187 suspected dengue cases were reported to the Health Ministry between October 1 and November 9. Of these, 93 patients developed hemorrhagic fever and 6 had died. The organizations Doctors without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF)…...

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References

Amarasinghe, Ananda, Kuritsky, Joel N., Letson, G. William, and Margolis, Harold S. (2011). Dengue virus infection in Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(8), 1349-1354.

ASTMH (American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene). (2013). What does the President's 2013 budget mean for trop med/global health funding? ASTMH.org. Retrieved 10 Apr. 2013 from  http://www.astmh.org/2013_Budget_statement.htm .

Brunkard, Joan M., Robles Lopez, Jose L., Ramirez, Josue, Cifuentes, Enrique, Rothenberg, Stephen J., Hunsperger, Elizabeth a. et al. (2007). Dengue fever seroprevalence and risk factors, Texas-Mexico border, 2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(10), 1477-1483.

Gates, Bill. (2013). Why the Global Fund is a terrific investment. TheGlobalFund.org. Retrieved 10 Apr. 2013 from  http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/blog/31852/ .

elatively recent estimates of the per capita costs for vector control have been estimated to be between $0.02 and $3.56 dollars (Beatty et al., 2011), which would translate into $1.1 to $200 million for these three countries (IMF, 2012); however, vector control costs would probably be towards the low end because the climate is naturally hostile towards a. aegypti and dengue is endemic only to limited regions of Saudi Arabia and Yemen. In terms of percent gross domestic product (GDP), a $1 million dollar annual vector control program would represent 1.7x10?6 and 3.0x10?5 of the GDP in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, respectively.
Global Health Policies for Dengue Control

The WHO has identified three goals to be achieved by 2020 for global dengue prevention and control and these are: (1) 50% reduction in mortality, (2) 25% reduction in morbidity, and (3) determine the true burden of the disease (WHO, 2012). The technical…...

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References

Al-Maqtari, Muaad. (2012, May 17). Dengue fever sweeping central prison in Hodeida and refugee camp in Harad. Yemen Times. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.yementimes.com/en/1573/news/860/Dengue-Fever-sweeping-Central-Prison-in-Hodeida-and-refugee-camp-in-Harad.htm.

Beatty, Mark E., Beutels, Philippe, Meltzer, Martin I., Shepard, Donald S., Hombach, Joachim, Hutubessy, Raymond et al. (2011). Health economics of dengue: A systematic literature review and expert panel's assessment. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84(3), 473-488.

CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2012). Dengue and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. CDC.gov. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from  

healthcare problems facing this nation is that of migrant workers, primarily those from Mexico, who work both legally and illegally on this side of the border. While other immigrant populations are also underinsured and under-treated --most notably Asians -- the Hispanic problem is by the far the most significant because of the shear numbers and the structural poverty which create stagnant population pools too large to ignore.
By allowing this problem to continue, we face the more direct health threat of the Mexican migrant worker population becoming a breeding ground for infectious diseases that can spread quickly into the general population. While humanitarian reasons alone should call for our involvement in solving this problem, we should be aware that the problem is an economic one as well. The Mexican workers, especially since the passage of NAFTA, have become an intergral part of the U.. workforce in that they are performing…...

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Sources

Hahn, Kaye (1998) "Health Related Issues and Challenges of Women and Children In a Migratory WorkForce." Online at Medical College of Georgia Available: http://gain.mercer.edu/grha/migranthealth.PDF.(1/11/03)

Lanzendorfer, Joy Silent Suffering North Bay farm workers face a healthcare crisis." Online at Metro PublishingFrom the May 30-June 5, 2002 issue of the North Bay Bohemian. Available:  http://www.metroactive.com/papers/sonoma/05.30.02/farmworkers-0222.html .(1/11/03)

Pinkerton, James. (May 2002). "Health Care: Crisis at the Border." Online at the Grande Valley Bureau Houston Chronicle. Available:  http://namiscc.org/Advocacy/2002/BorderCrisis.htm .(1/12/03)

Stanley, Eduardo. March 27, 2001."Farm Worker Survey Uncovers Health Problems, Abuses." Online at New California Media. Avaialble:  http://www.ncmonline.com/content/ncm/2001/mar/centralvalley.html .(1/10/03)

Cultural Diversity
Although I believe that I have critically met the objectives for a master's degree in working in many ways (particularly academically), I can honestly state that the area in which I progressed the most was in dealing with cultural diversity. Prior to entering this program, I had extremely limited experience dealing with cultural diversity, especially in the workplace. Despite working as a nurse for the past 16 years, the most diversity I had ever experienced in my patient population was the occasional Spanish speaking client -- which would require me to utilize the language line for interpreting my directions and interacting with the patient. However, thanks to my involvement in this particular academic program, I am now much more acclimated with cultural diversity and believe that I have significantly improved my prowess in this aspect of my work as a professional nurse.

My experience with cultural diversity changed primarily…...

Abstract
Zika, that was identified accidentally in Uganda in 1947 in the midst of insect and primate monitoring, had so far stayed as a hidden virus limited to a slim equatorial belt functioning along Africa and running into Parts of Asia. Not much is known with regards to ZIKV’s release in the US. Phylogenetic studies suggest that the virus originated with the French Polynesian ZIKV force came into Brazil around May and Dec of 2013.

The unparalleled dimension and impact from the ZIKV pandemic within the Americas could be the all-natural consequence of a unique release right into a big populace without having preexisting immune system; Much like the Americas, the communities of Yap Tropical island and French. The seriousness of results in latest breakouts, in comparison with previous findings of moderate illness, has directed a few to hypothesize that this virus seems to have mutated to become much more pathogenic.

The important…...

Without a public health system in place these elements were left in the street to be breathed in and walked through daily.
In addition there engineering advances that built large high rise slums that were quickly filled to capacity even though they offered no fresh water or waste disposal areas.

The 1870's became the decade for urban public health reform as Congress made the move to reorganize the Marine Hospital Service. It was also at that time the Surgeon General position was created and still exists today.

The Surgeon General was charged with overseeing public health issues and providing advice, guidelines and mandates as to how they would be best handled.

During the 1880's the movement toward public health moved away from the political arena and into the laboratories around the nation.

It was at this time scientists began to learn how to isolate disease producing organisms for communicable diseases.

This was a major breakthrough…...

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References

History Lesson: Contaminated Water Makes a Deadly Drink

Kathy Jesperson on Tap Editor (accessed 4-20-07)

 http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/ndwc/ndwc_DWH_2.html 

Apostles of cleanliness (accessed 4-23-07)

Pharmaceutical Industry
The author of this report has been asked to review five Harvard Business Review documents from the recent years that relate to the pharmaceutical industry. From this review, the author is asked to summarize and offer several lessons learned from the cases as it relates to the power and limitations of the pharmaceutical market in addressing medical needs of patients. Indeed, there are some obvious lessons that can be cited in the reports. While pharmaceutical markets can solve a lot of problems and cure a lot of ills, the profit motive and the logistics of helping certain people prevent certain people from being assisted in a timely fashion, if at all.

Lessons Learned

One major challenge of the pharmaceutical industry is getting drugs to market. The process of getting a drug to market is long and arduous. Even when everything goes according to plan, the specter of lawsuits coming when a…...

(SA AIDS Drugs Company Set for Africa Sales)
The immense market potential for anti-retrovirals will signify a huge bonus for the company and also its shareholders. 8% of the roughly 4 million people in Mozambique are in need of the treatment for HIV / AIDS and were getting it. The fact of the matter is that HIV / AIDS has long been noted for it potential capability for raking in more money and the SA Cabinet some years ago had already stated its strong interest in the lucrative local development of AIDS drugs in the abortive Virodene experiment. The company obtained sanction from the U.S. Federal Drug Administration for certain of its anti-AIDS medicines as was of late given the award for the biggest share of the South African government anti-retroviral drug tenders. This is in greater measure part because it possesses a good BEE profile, assuring the support of…...

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References

Drug deals: Medicines, Development and HIV / AIDS. 2000. Retrieved at   Accessed 17 September, 2005http://www.vso.org.uk/Images/position_papers_drug_deals_tcm8-1597.pdf .

HIV / AIDS Situation in Mozambique. Retrieved at   Accessed 17 September, 2005http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/50875.pdf .

Marketing Medicine: Insider Secrets to online healthcare Marketing. March, 2002. Retrieved from   Accessed 18 September, 2005http://www.medic8.com/MarketingMedicine.htm .

Mozambique: fact file. Retrieved at   Accessed 18 September, 2005http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/kidsweb/world/mozambique/mozfact.htm .

China's Health Indicators
China has gone through impressive economic development over the past few years, and has experienced a big reduction in poverty along with other positive achievements. Due to improvement in living conditions, nutrition, and healthcare, there have been " ... declines in infant mortality and deaths from infectious diseases," according to The New England Journal of Medicine (He, 2005). But there have also been negatives associated with urbanization and industrialization -- in particular China's stubborn air pollution and its negative impacts on health -- that have increased the risk of " ... chronic disease, including vascular disease and cancer" (He, 1125). This paper reviews the health indicators for China along with other pertinent data and information relating to the well-being of the Chinese people.

China's Demographics and Data on Health Issues

The population of China (based on 2013 data from the orld Health Organization -- HO) is approximately 1.363 billion. The…...

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Works Cited

He, J, Gu, D., Wu, X, Reynolds, K., Duan, X., Yao, C., Wang, J., Chen, C-S, Chen, J.,

Wildman, R.P., Klag, M.J., and Whelton, P.K. (2005). Major Causes of Death among

Men and Women in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 353(11), 1124-34.

Ooi, E. W-L. (2005). The World Bank's Assistance to China's Health Sector. The World

Writing a paper about a complex issue such as the Zika virus can be a challenging enterprise, but the model essay presented below provides some useful guidance concerning how to get started, including developing an appropriate thesis, writing an outline and locating relevant content from reliable and legitimate sources. Writing an abstract, introduction and conclusion becomes easier once the preliminary research for the body of the essay is completed.
Topics:

The Effects of Zika virus on pregnant women

How the Zika virus is spread from country to country

Identifying opportunities to reduce Zika virus infections

Will the Zika virus become a pandemic?

Titles:

The Epidemiology of the Zika Virus

The Origins and Transmission of the Zika Virus

The Zika Virus:  Who is at Risk and What Can be Done?

Outline:

I.  Introduction

II.  Review and Discussion

     A.  Background and overview

     B.  Recent and current trends in Zika virus infections

     C.  What can be done to reduce the risk of…...

There is a strong financial incentive to encourage consumers to 'over-consume' drugs. While clearly some patients benefit from taking antidepressants, statins, and even antipsychotics, these drugs have become treatments of first rather than last resort for many people, because of the direct-to-consumer marketing of medications. Behavioral therapy and lifestyle changes, given the side effects of many drugs, might be a better way to treat milder forms of depression, high cholesterol, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD).
Drug companies have a financial incentive in encouraging patients to seek out 'more' treatment for illnesses that disproportionately affect individuals with good health insurance. Additionally, drug companies have an incentive to constantly create and generate interest in new drugs, as patents for existing drugs have a limited shelf life -- although these drugs may not be designed for individuals with the greatest critical health needs. There will always be an ethical problem in the…...

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References

Bartlett, Donald & James Steele. (2011, January) Deadly medicine. Vanity Fair.

Retrieved January 9, 2011 at  http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2011/01/deadly-medicine-201101

Besides the fact that flooding destroys agricultural lands leading to a disruption of food supplies to millions of people, one also has to consider the social impact on areas where there are large population groups. This can lead to forced migration and often to refugee situations, with all the related negative social implications. .
Another important aspect is the increase in serious diseases as a result of global warming. Scientists warn that an increase in temperature also means that infectious diseases could become more widespread. Infectious diseases carried by insects and rodents may also appear in new areas and regions where the population may be unprepared to deal with them. This has already been seen in cases of serious insect -- borne disease, such as Dengue fever, Malaria, West Nile virus, and Yellow Fever.

One also has or bear in mind that in order to understand the devastating effects of global…...

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References

Climate change responsible for 300,000 deaths a year. Retrieved from  http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=3574

" Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 22 Apr. 2009 .
Goldman, D. "The Generals and the Germs." Journal of Military History 73(2). Apr 2009: p. 531-569. Academic Search Complete. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Guillemin, J. "Germ arfare Under the Microscope." Futurist 42(3) May/Jun 2008: p. 31. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Kelle, A. "Strengthening the Effectiveness of the BT Control Regime -- Feasibility and Options." Contemporary Security Policy 24(2) Aug 2003: p. 95-132. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Kellman, B. "Bioviolence: A Growing Threat." Futurist 42(3) May/Jun 2008: p. 25-30. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Littlewood, J. "Biological eapons: Much Ado and Little Action." Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning & Policy 45(2) Apr 2007: p. 191-203. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22,…...

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Works Cited

"Biological Weapon." Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 22 Apr. 2009 .

Goldman, D. "The Generals and the Germs." Journal of Military History 73(2). Apr 2009: p. 531-569. Academic Search Complete. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Guillemin, J. "Germ Warfare Under the Microscope." Futurist 42(3) May/Jun 2008: p. 31. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

Kelle, A. "Strengthening the Effectiveness of the BTW Control Regime -- Feasibility and Options." Contemporary Security Policy 24(2) Aug 2003: p. 95-132. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCOHost. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. April 22, 2009 .

## Outlining an Essay on Climate Change, Health, and Well-being

### Introduction (150-200 words)
- Hook: Begin with a compelling fact or anecdote that highlights the urgency of climate change's impact on human health.
- Background: Briefly explain the scientific consensus on climate change and its potential consequences.
- Thesis statement: Clearly state the main argument of the essay: that climate change poses significant threats to human health and well-being.

### Body Paragraph 1: Heat-Related Illnesses (200-250 words)
- Topic sentence: Emphasize the link between rising temperatures and heat-related illnesses.
- Evidence: Cite statistics or research studies that demonstrate the increased occurrence and severity of heat strokes,....

1. Changes in international relations: Climate change can lead to resource scarcity, which may exacerbate conflict between nations over water, food, and territory. This can disrupt global trade, lead to refugee crises, and strain diplomatic relations.

2. Impact on wildlife: Climate change can disrupt ecosystems and lead to the extinction of certain plant and animal species. This loss of biodiversity can have cascading effects on the food chain and ecosystem balance.

3. Health impacts: Climate change can exacerbate air pollution, heatwaves, and the spread of infectious diseases, all of which can have serious health implications for humans. This can lead to increased....

1. Increased risk of infectious diseases: Climate change can alter the distribution and abundance of disease vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks, which can lead to an increase in the incidence of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Lyme disease.

2. Changes in crop yields and food security: Changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events can have a significant impact on crop yields, leading to food shortages and price increases. This can have particularly severe consequences for vulnerable populations in developing countries.

3. Disruption of ecosystems: Climate change can lead to changes in the composition and structure of....

Environmental Management Practices and Their Impact on Family Health in Sitio Parola, Macabalan, Cagayan de Oro City

Introduction

Environmental management practices play a crucial role in safeguarding public health and well-being, particularly in underserved communities like Sitio Parola, Macabalan, Cagayan de Oro City. This literature review examines the potential positive impacts of improving environmental management practices on family health in Sitio Parola.

Air Quality and Respiratory Health

Polluted air, often caused by inadequate waste management, can trigger respiratory ailments such as asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Implementing proper waste disposal systems and promoting clean air practices, such as reducing indoor air pollution from cooking stoves,....