Economic Policy and the National Debt
Ironically, when governments overspend they typically find ways to refund or restructure debt -- when individuals or corporations within those countries do the same, the consequences are quite different. Money means more than one thing -- usually an object that is traded for payment of goods or services, of exchange. However, when we talk about the government, there is a huge different in the way the money supply works within the economy. In modern capitalism, commodity money (gold and silver) was replaced by representative wealth in that currency is no longer tied to the stores of precious metals. Instead, monetary policy under the Federal eserve states that the goal of fiscal policy is to "promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates" (U.S. Mint, 2011).

As individuals, we typically live within a budget based on our expenses and income. It…...

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REFERENCES

News. (2012). Fiscal Commission.gov. Retrieved from: http://www.fiscalcommission.gov/news

Achenbaum, A. (2007). Older Americans, Vital Communities. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Eberstadt, N. (August 31, 2012). Are Entitlements Corrupting U.S. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from: / SB10000872396390444914904577619671931313542.htmlhttp://online.wsj.com/article

Pierson, C. (2006). Beyond the Welfare State. Malden, MA: Polity Press.

Drugs are an especially significant problem. The high cost of prescription drugs, however, does not just derive from the expertise to develop them. Drug companies receive patent protection for drugs that allows them to charge monopoly rents. This is a distortion in the market, one that the government has determined to be socially favorable. The cost, however, has reached the point where drug costs are also socially unfavorable, particularly if they lead to an erosion of America's credit standing.
Curtailing drug costs may not be politically straightforward, but the economics of it are. The monopoly rents can be capped. Governments in many countries cap drug costs and perhaps the public option is tended to give the U.S. The same power. There may be some quid pro quo for the drug companies -- extending the life of patents, more support for orphan drugs or a streamlined FDA approval process that lowers…...

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Works Cited:

Krugman, P. (2009). Reform or else. New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2009 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/04/opinion/04krugman.html?_r=1&ref=opinion 

Rampell, C. (2009). Economists' letter to Obama on health care reform. New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2009 from  http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/17/economists-letter-to-obama-on-health-care-reform/ 

Romer, C. (2009). Health care reform is an economic necessity. Yahoo. Retrieved December 4, 2009 from  http://news.yahoo.com/s/ynews/20090602/ts_ynews/ynews_ts346 

Leonhardt, D. (2009). Health care reform and the unpopular t-word. New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2009 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/29/business/economy/29leonhardt.html

Economic Policy
These are the actions that the government is involved in the economic field covering systems such as setting interest rates and government budgets as well as the labor market, national ownership, and many other areas of government involvement in the fiscal conditions of the country.

Government economic policies are often influenced by international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as their particular political beliefs

There are various types of economic policies and strategies including macroeconomic stabilization policies that work towards keeping the money supply growing within the constraints of inflation; trade policy - which refers to tariffs, trade agreements, and so forth; policies designed to generate economic growth; policies for distribution of income and property; regulation policies (for monitoring large companies); anti-trust polices; industrial policies; and technology-based economic development policies. Each deal with different aspects of economic control and regulation.

The government goals are to impede…...

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Sources

Walter Plosila, "State Science- and Technology-Based Economic Development Policy: History, Trends and Developments, and Future Directions," Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 2, May 2004

Economic Policy for an Imperfect World" by Karen I. Vaughn published in "Southern Economic Journal," Vol. 62, Issue 4, 1996
After the collapse of the Soviet Union it has become evident that market economies are necessary for producing wealth. However, the case for "free markets" is far from settled as those looking for an alternative to central planning usually consider "regulated market economy" as the solution. Hence the debate about how much "free market" or government regulation is appropriate, still rages. The ways in which contemporary economic theory contributes to the debate about the right mix of free market and government regulation is the theme of this article.

In the 1980s, a notable economist opined that government guidance was necessary for the 'invisible hand' to succeed. Some time later, another pointed out the lack of scientific evidence about the success of free markets. Other economists have even challenged some of the…...

The country retained control over the banking system in particular, and has exerted strong control over key elements of the macroeconomic environment.
Financial reform in the 1990s restructured the banking industry. These reforms increased the role of the central bank, and divided banks into commercial banks, policy banks and cooperative banks, each with its own function in the economy. There are four major commercial banks in the Chinese system. Later reforms separated state enterprises from commercial banks. The close links between these two sets of entities had been a component of earlier market reform, but those links have become weakened (Fernandez, n.d.).

The Chinese government has also gradually ceded its role in the production and marketing of goods and services to the private sector. As a result, the Chinese economy has become increasingly entrepreneurial over the past couple of decades. The government still plays a strong role in infrastructure development and…...

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Works Cited:

Fernandez, J. (no date). The Chinese economic reform. CEIBS. Retrieved May 22, 2012 from  http://www.ceibs.edu/ase/Documents/reform.htm 

Harms, W. (1996). China's great leap forward. University of Chicago Chronicle. Retrieved May 22, 2012 from  http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/960314/china.shtml

UK Economic Policy
An analysis of the latest figures for key economic indicators and the factors which have affected these indicators. This should include the figures for unemployment, inflation and economic growth

Unemployment

Unemployment is one of the key economic indicators in the UK as well as in all modern nations. Unemployment in the UK rose for the fourth consecutive quarter in Q3 2012 with an increase of one hundred thousand people which also represents the strongest quarterly growth rate since 2007 (Office for National Statistics, 2012). Although the unemployment rate is still above seven percent overall which is still high, it has made substantial gains since the recession. Much of the employment activity though seems to be driven by the public sector which is the fastest growing sector in the economy.

Figure 1 - Unemployment Rate (Office for National Statistics, 2012)

Inflation

The inflation indicator used in the UK is called the Consumer Prices Index…...

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Works Cited

Office for National Statistics, 2012. GDP and the Labour Market, 2012 Q3 - December GDP Update. [Online]

Available at:  http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/elmr/gdp-and-the-labour-market/2012-q3-december-gdp-update/sum-dec12.html 

[Accessed 21 December 2013].

Office for National Statistics, 2013. Consumer Price Indices Summary, December 2012. [Online]

They presume that the amount of interest made from non-renewable source of energy higher compared to the use of the Sustainable Energy. However, the only risk of using the non-renewable sources of heat is that it is risky since such a source can depreciate and become extinct at any given time.
Conclusion

If the government is to ensure there is sustainability of energy in the New York State, it should promote the use of renewable energy. This is because the renewable sources of energy are more significant in the long-term as compared to the non-renewable sources, which associates to extinction. The implementation of the policy could help the government in reducing the dominant fuel crisis and the environmental defects related to the use of non-renewable sources of energy. The citizens in the state should also receive education on the effects of using the non-renewable sources and the significance of ensuring sustainability…...

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References

Cuomo, Andrew M. & Murray, Francis J (2011). Statewide Initiatives

  2013 State Energy Planning: Planning Objectives. Retrieved from:  http://www.nyserda.ny.gov/en/Programs/2013-State-Energy-Plan/Planning-Objectives.aspx http://www.nyserda.ny.gov/en/Program-Areas/Energy-Data-and-Prices-Planning-and-Policy/2013-State-Energy-Planning.aspx 

New York State Energy Plan (2009). Renewable Energy Assessment. Retrieved from:  http://www.nysenergyplan.com/final/Renewable_Energy_Assessment.pdf 

New York State Energy Plan (2011). Scope for the 2013. Retrieved from:

Thatcherism is also a political ideology that focuses on privatization of state-owned businesses and utilities, opposition to trade unions and a higher level of free market economic growth. Keynesian economists including Nobel Prize winner Milton Friedman considered Thatcherism anachronistic and more suited for the developing economies of the world than the more complex and developed westernized economies the United Kingdom and United States represent. Keynesians believe that broader economic growth and the focus on managing exchange rates is best defined through aggregate demand indicators for goods and services over money supplies.
eference

Booth (1984) - the Economic History eview, New Series, Vol. 37, No. 2. (May, 1984), pp. 263-267. Accessed from JStor on February 7, 2007 from location:

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-0117%28198405%292%3A37%3A2%3C263%3ADA%22%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z

ollings (1985) - the Economic History eview, New Series, Vol. 38, No. 1 N. ollings. (Feb., 1985), pp. 95-100. Accessed from JStor on February 7, 2007 from location:

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-0117%28198502%292%3A38%3A1%3C95%3AT%22AEP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G

Porter (1990) - Competitive Advantage of Nations,…...

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Reference

Booth (1984) - the Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 37, No. 2. (May, 1984), pp. 263-267. Accessed from JStor on February 7, 2007 from location:

 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-0117%28198405%292%3A37%3A2%3C263%3ADA%22R%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z 

Rollings (1985) - the Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 38, No. 1 N. Rollings. (Feb., 1985), pp. 95-100. Accessed from JStor on February 7, 2007 from location:

 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-0117%28198502%292%3A38%3A1%3C95%3AT%22RAEP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G

Business Economics/Economic policy
Competitive Balance

Competitive balance is an important aspect to maintain in a league sports structure as it is a direct factor of the degree of uncertainty that could exist within a sporting event. The general belief is that higher uncertainty creates higher buzz and excitement about the end outcome. The customers prefer to have competitive balance as well as it increases fan interest in teams whereas a lack of competitive balance will overshadow all weak teams which will lead to decreased demand and interest in the sporting event. One of the popular ways to counter competitive balance in sports leagues is through the use of collusion techniques. Collusion is basically a secret, and mostly illegal, agreement between two parties to limit the overall competition within a league through penetrating false information and depriving others of their legal rights. Two examples of collusion techniques could include the restriction imposed…...

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References

Hongxia, L. (2011). Capital Structure on Agency Costs in Chinese Listed Firms "International Journal of Governance," 1(2): 26-39.

Humphreys, B.D. (2002). Alternative Measures of Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues. JOURNAL OF SPORTS ECONOMICS, Vol. 3 No. 2, 133 -- 148

ICF International. (2005). Emission reduction opportunities for non-CO2 greenhouse gases in California. Accessed 25-09-11 from  http://www.energy.ca.gov/2005publications/CEC-500-2005-121/CEC-500-2005-121.PDF 

Lucas, R.E.B. (2008). International Labour Migration in a Globalizing Economy. Trade, Equity, and Development Program, Number 92 .

Introduction Public policy is government decisions and actions designed to deal with problems and issues affecting the public (Madimutsa, 2008). The U.S. government policy areas include monetary policy, immigration, intellectual property, national defense, and welfare. This paper will review the impact of monetary policy on the U.S. economy.
Monetary Policy
Monetary policy is classified as the procedure by which the Federal Reserve uses monetary policy tools to regulate the money supply, exchange rate, and interest rates (the price of money) to stabilize the economy (Labonte, 2020). The interest rate is classified as the cost of borrowing and the reward for saving. The money supply can be defined as the total sum of money that is available in the economy. The exchange rate is the cost of the domestic currency concerning other currencies. The Fed uses various monetary tools, but over the years, they have relied on open market operations and the discount rate…...

macroeconomic policy measures introduced by the UK authorities in response to the global credit crisis and associated UK recession
Macro-economic policy measures

This essay is based on two scenarios of financial crisis that occurred consecutively in the United Kingdom and other parts of the World. The recent economic recession started in 2007 up to 2010 while the credit crunch was experienced in 2002 up to 2004. In both of the financial crisis what were witnessed were reduced employment levels, collapse of major sectors of the economy mostly the financial sector, high prices of goods and services brought about by high inflation rates, low economic productivity and a deficit in the balance of payment coupled with a general decline in the country's gross domestic product.

According to Dale, Proudman and Westaway (2010) the causes of the recent economic depression and the earlier credit crunch are more or less similar to one another. As…...

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References

Buiter W. 2010, the Limits to Fiscal Stimulus, Oxford Review of Economic Policy pp 48-70.

Chung H., Davig T. And Leeper E. M 2007, Monetary and Fiscal Policy Switching. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking pp 809-42

Dale S., Proudman J., and Westaway P. 2010, The Inflation-targeting Regime in the United Kingdom: A View from Thread needle Street. Oxford Review of Economic Policy pp 3-14

Dooley M., and Garber P. 2009, Global Imbalances and the Crisis: A Solution in Search of a Problem. Vox EU. P 45-67

Introduction Debates about macroeconomic policy will tend to focus on a couple of different schools of economic thought – the classical school and the Keynesian school, or derivatives thereof. One of the major debates that arises is with respect to whether or not government should increase spending in order to fight recessions. This debate also relates to things like having a balanced government budget. The latter is policy in many jurisdictions, mainly in the United States, reflecting a particular fiscal policy view of the classical school, which the Keynesian view is more often reflected in national-level policy, especially outside of the United States.
Increased Government Spending
With respect to how to best handle a recession, increased government spending is typically viewed as a yes/no decision. Keynes argued that government spending should be increased in order to help manage a recession, and this view is opposed by classical economists. Perhaps the most obvious recent…...

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References

Bernheim, D. (1989) A neoclassical perspective on budget deficits. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 3 (2) 55-72.

Brown, E. & Collier, B. (1995) What Keynes really said about deficit spending. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. Vol. 17 (3) 341-355.

Investopedia (2018) What is deficit spending. Investopedia. Retrieved June 3, 2018 from

Khan, M. & Aziz, G. (2011) Neoclassical vs Keynesian approach to public policy – the need for synthesis. MPRA Paper No. 62856.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/deficit-spending.asp

National Economic Policies
Economic policies refer to the crucial action that the government takes to control the economic aspects that might affect the cash flows in any given nation. The government is essential in ensuring that all the economic activities in the nation maintained to secure the profitable margins of the nation. The economic policies control almost every activity in the nation, which are vital in controlling the economy. The national economic policies control the large economic fields of a given region to ensure that the nations make profits (Cohen 123). Most of the national, economical aspects are more vital in controlling the imports and exports into nations. The national economic policies generated by international institutions, established by the member state nations. In creating the management team of the international institution, each nation is required to give a leader that will assist in creating the policies to govern the economy of…...

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Works cited

Cohen, Stephen D. The Making of United States International Economic Policy: Principles,

Problems, and Proposals for Reform. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2000. Print.

Persson, Torsten, & Guido E. Tabellini. Political Economics: Explaining Economic Policy.

Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.: MIT Press, 2000. Print.

Japan was once on a stellar track to economic prosperity. The end of the twentieth century saw promising chances for the island nation's economy. In 1991, the government spending was one of the lowest the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCED) and 31.6% of the nation's GDP (Utt 2008). That same year, Japan's national income was at 86% of the U.S. gross national per capita income, a big improvement from just 20 years ago when the nation was only making 66% of the U.S. per capita income. This was an impressive feat for the nation to embark on. Yet, this was to change in the following years dramatically. During the later decade of the 1990s, the Japanese government took on the practice of vastly increasing government spending as a way to stimulate an economy that was beginning to lag. As the growth of the economy began to go…...

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References

Associated Press. 2009, 'North Korea 'Panic' After Surprise Currency Revaluation,' Guardian [Online] Available at  http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/03/north-korea-won-currency-revaluation 

Bozyk, Pawel. 2006. Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy, Ashgate Publishing Ltd.

Chait, Jonathon. 2010, 'The Budget-Cutting Cycle: Delusion, Failure, Recimination,' the New Republic, [Online] Available at  http://www.tnr.com/blog/jonathan-chait/78735/the-budget-cutting-cycle-delusion-failure-recrimination 

Eberstadt, Nick. 2007, the North Korean Economy: Between Crisis and Catastrophe, Transaction Publishers.

Germany has established itself as a successful country with a growing and stable economy. In terms of its economic policies, since 2014 its score has fallen by .2 placing it into rank 5 within the international top ranks. Of its many efforts to stabilize the country, the most notable is increased regulation, meaning pension-system expansions and a minimum wage (). Along with economic policies favoring regulation, Germany has remained strong in terms of employment growth and export performance, allowing for low unemployment rates and rising wages. While Germany has improved and stabilized, the rising influx of refugees has put a damper on the country's ability to create new policies for the labor-market.
Regardless, there are many positives in Germany's economic policies that has boosted tax revenue. The boost also comes in terms of reduction of debt-to-GDP ratio even with rising debt. Germany has done an amazing job of successfully addressing many…...

1. The impact of economic policy on income inequality
2. The effectiveness of gun control policies in reducing violence
3. The role of government in regulating technology and privacy
4. The implications of education policy on student success and equity
5. The benefits and drawbacks of implementing a universal basic income policy
6. The impact of climate change policies on the economy and environment
7. The role of immigration policies in shaping cultural diversity and economic growth
8. The importance of healthcare policy in addressing healthcare access and affordability
9. The debates surrounding criminal justice reform and policies on sentencing and rehabilitation
10. The challenges and opportunities of implementing....

Policy Analysis and Evaluation

The effectiveness of different policy interventions in addressing social issues (e.g., poverty, healthcare, education)
The impact of policy changes on specific populations or industries
The role of evidence-based policymaking in improving policy outcomes
The challenges and opportunities of implementing and enforcing policy
The ethical implications of policy decisions

Policy Design and Development

Innovative approaches to policy design (e.g., behavioral economics, collaborative governance)
The factors that influence policy adoption and implementation
The role of stakeholders in policy development and evaluation
The impact of technology on policy design and implementation
The challenges of balancing competing interests in policymaking

Policy Implementation....

The Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behavior:

This topic explores the transformative effect of social media on consumer decision-making. Analyze how platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok shape consumer preferences, influence brand loyalty, and drive purchasing patterns. Examine the role of influencers, algorithms, and target marketing in shaping consumer behavior and discuss the implications for businesses and marketers.

Behavioral Economics in Healthcare:

Behavioral economics integrates psychological principles into economic analysis. In healthcare, this approach can provide valuable insights into patient decision-making, adherence to treatment, and demand for healthcare services. Discuss how behavioral economics can be applied to improve healthcare outcomes, design effective....

As the United States faces an uncertain future, the nation yearns for a leader who can shape its destiny with vision and determination. If bestowed with the honor of the presidency, I would wholeheartedly embrace the mantle of leadership and strive to craft a path toward a brighter tomorrow. In this essay, I will delineate my comprehensive plan to address the challenges facing our nation and outline the transformative initiatives I would implement to secure a prosperous and equitable future for all Americans.

The economic landscape of the United States is in dire need of revitalization. To stimulate growth and create....