Due to the cases of swine flu in California, the Chinese government issues policies that do not allow the import of any products that have come into contact with California (Workman, 2009). This means that the cargo must be transported to other regions, further increasing operational costs and reducing the efficiency of American organizations exporting to China.
Another characteristic of the international trade policies implemented by the Chinese government refers to the means in which the decisions are made. The western investors point out to a highly centralized system, but argue that the openness to liberalized trade is only possible through the process of decentralization. Otherwise put, they desire that the government allows its regional office to make the decisions that directly affect their region (Goodman and Segal, 1994). The measure is yet to be implemented as the process of development and implementation of international trade policies is highly complex,…...

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References:

Goodman, D.S.G., Segal, G., 1994, China Deconstructs: Politics, Trade and Regionalism, Routledge, ISBN 0415118344

Keidel, A., Cassidy, R., Ferguson, R., Tuchman Matthews, J., 2007, China's Trade Policy, Carnegie Endowment,   last accessed on May 11, 2009http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/?fa=eventDetail&id=987 

Wang, J., 2007, The Evolution of China's International Trade Policy: Development Through Protection and Liberalization, Economic Development through World Trade, pp.191-213

Workman, D., 2009, Swine Flu Infects Pork Trade Policies in China, WTO Suite 101, last accessed on May 11, 2009http://world-trade-organization.suite101.com/article.cfm/swine_flu_infects_pork_trade_policies_in_china

International Economics Law
International Trade Law

TO Introduction

The orld Trade Organization, or TO, is an international body that is located in Geneva, Switzerland and was officially founded in 1995 (The orld Trade Organanization, 2012). There stated purpose is to help trade flow as freely as possible under a number of given restrictions. For example, the TO does not try to get countries to openly trade items that are safety concerns or can cause illnesses without proper restrictions to address such concerns. Basically, the organization tries to maximize trade without bringing in any undesirable side effects that can diminish trade between two countries. However, given consideration of such restrictions, the TO basically tries to open markets up to international importers and exporters.

Much of what the TO does is try to facilitate trade through negotiations. The TO does not have the authority to tell countries what they can and cannot do in regards to…...

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Works Cited

Bussolo, M. & Lecomte, H., 2009. Trade Liberalization and Poverty. Overseas Development Institute, 6(1), pp. 1-4.

Edwards, S., 1993. Openness, Trade Liberalization, and Growth in Developing Countries. Journal of Economic Literature, 31(1), pp. 1358-1393.

Goldberg, P., Khandelwal, A., Pavcnik, N. & Topalova, P., 2009. Trade Liberalization and New Imported Inputs. American Economic Review, 99(2), pp. 494-500.

The Economist, 2012. The world in their hands. [Online]

International economic theories and policies have a double role: to explain and to regulate. On one side, the international economic theories explain the international economical environment where exchanges are produced, as well as general laws that govern this environment. The international economic policies create a regulatory environment, with rules under which these exchanges are produced.
The mercantilist view on trade evoked two main characteristics. One of them referred to the fact that the ideal for of richness was money or precious metals. The second basic idea revolved around the idea of profit, its origin and role. The first characteristic implied the fact that the balance of payment always had to be positive, so as to increase the country's reserve.

The absolute advantage was defined by Adam Smith and referred to the fact that the producer on the international market that could commercialize products that had lower production costs had an absolute advantage…...

3)

The most major problems currently facing the World Trade Organization come from within. Its image among many poorer nations and certain groups of first world citizens is not the creation of misconceptions, but a reaction to real world consequences of the policies and attitudes that govern the Organization's actions. The World Trade Organization needs to begin operating with more transparency and in tandem with governments, rather than undermining fledgling democracies by restricting bans made for socially responsible reasons and manipulating trade for the benefit of already developed countries and established banks.

4)

The Washington Consensus was originally a list of ten advisements regarding economic policy change for borrower nations of the World Bank. Since the development of the list, the term has come in a broader sense to refer to policy change in general, especially in the neoliberal sense, that has been imposed on the poorer nations of the world as a…...

multipliers?
The recent international economic emergency has brought transformed consideration to the inquiry of the convenience of government expenditures as a way of inspiring cumulative economic movement and employment throughout a slouch. Attention to fiscal incentive as an alternative has been very much augmented by the truth that in many nations the short-term nominal interest rate that is used as the main working target for financial policy has arrived at zero which was thought to be very low (Woodford, 2010). People who are concerned with economic development of communities are often faced with the want to approximate forces of economic changes, such as plant openings, closings, expansions, policy transformations or natural tragedies, or to predict population, employment, business action, or public service difficulties. Understanding the inter-workings of the local economy and forces of exterior issues on communities necessitates facts of socioeconomic tendencies, financial base and financial connections within the community.…...

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References

Dumas, Lloyd J. (2003). Economic Multipliers and the Economic Impact of DOE

Spending in New Mexico. Retrieved December 3, 2010, from Web site:

 http://www.nukewatch.org/facts/nwd/DumasReport033103.pdf 

Greskee, Karl. (2010). Multiplier Effect - Increase Your Money Flow. Retrieved December 3, 2010, from Ezine Articles Web site:

Exporia's Plea Concerning Ban On Corn Beer
Following the unexpected ban of Exporia's corn beer by Imporia, Exporia in this document outlines concerns regarding the action and associated implications. Exporia hereby states that Imporia erred in the imposition of the ban. This is in violation of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the "SPS Agreement") in general; Imporia violated Article 3.3, 5.1, and 5.2 of the SPS Agreement.

In respect to the violation of the SPS Agreement in general, Exporia argues that Imporia erred since the SPS Agreement directly acknowledges that a Member has the right to pick an appropriate level of sanitary and Phytosanitary protection. In addition, Article 3.3 provides that in cases where an international standard are set, there are specific guidelines that govern the right to choose exercise as presented in the Hormones case[footnoteRef:1]. Exporia asserts that Article 3.1 does not give Imporia a free…...

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Works Cited

Appellate Body. EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat products. Geneva, 1998 .

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures. New York: The World Trade Organization, 2012.

The World Trade Organization . Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. New York: The World Trade Organization, 2012.

Inability to implement an effective governance arrangement has ignited violent conflicts in Sierra Leone. The conflicts originated from Liberia and ignited a combustive violence in the Mano iver Union in Sierra Leone. During the reign of Charles Taylor, former president of Liberia, the Mano iver Union was the center of conflict that spread to Sierra Leone. Although, the Sierra Leone has attempted to strengthening the democracy and consolidate peace since 2002, however, the issue within the Mano iver Union still remains fragile because of the inability to implement effective governance to enhance a lasting peace and security. Presently, Sierra Leone is one of the top poorest countries in the world ranked 180th out of 187 countries within the Human Development Index. Over 60% of the Sierra Leonean population live below $1.25 a day. Over 70% of the youth are unemployed. (UNDP, 2012). Bad governance that fails to create development in…...

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References

Clapham, C. (2009). Liberia and Sierra Leone: an essay in comparative politics. Cambridge University Press

Coker. P. (2003). Sierra Leone -- Building the Road to Recovery, Institute for Security Studies, Monograph no 80.

Conteh-Morgan, E. & M. Dixon-Fyle. (1999). Sierra Leone and the End of the Twentieth Century: history, politics and society. New York: Peter Lang.

Diop, B. (2005). Case Study on Countries in Mano River Region. United Nations, New York Office of the Special Adviser on Africa.

powerful arguments in its favor, has free trade not been the norm?
For over two centuries free trade arguably has been promoted as the most favorable economic policy among nations (Blinder, 2008). Yet it has yet to be implemented as a global trade policy. The reasons for this are many. Economists often favor protectionist policies or other face saving policies that tend to "protect" nations from what economists deem "unfair competition" (Binder, 2008). However, according to many, it makes more sense to pay others that specialize in work to do specialized work, because in the long-term this will save money. Cutting our nation off from specialists will only result in a reduced quality and standard of living in the long-term. This applies to the U.S. And to nations as a whole. Adam Smith noted this, by stating the following: "It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family,…...

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References:

Blinder, A.S. 2008. The concise encyclopedia of economics. Library of Economics and Liberty.

Retrieved:  http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/FreeTrade.html 

Destler, I.M. 2005. American trade politics. 4th ed. Washington, D.C. Institute for International

Economics.

The creation of jobs will be beneficial to Pakistan, as it will lead to: an increase in the standard of living, a decrease in social costs and an improvement in political stability. On the other hand, its neighbor India will benefit from Pakistan's geographical neighbors to include: Iran, Afghanistan, China and Tajikistan. As India would be able to benefit from Iran, due to the fact that: the country is full of natural resources (which could help India in meeting its demand for oil and gas). However, since the WTO agreement requires all the signatories to remove trade barriers, there is a risk that developing countries will suffer at the hands of developed nations. As they (the developed nations) will export various commodities from a particular region, in return for the importing of primary goods. The big challenge is maintaining a balanced relationship, where the more developed nations will not…...

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References

World Trade Organization (1999). The WTO as the basic free trade institution: Ministerial Conference 1999. Retrieved from  http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min99_e/english/state_e/d5325e.pdf 

World Trade Organization (n.d.). About the WTO. Retrieved from  http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/wto_dg_stat_e.htm 

International Monetary Fund (2010). How the IMF promotes global economic stability. Retrieved from  http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/globstab.htm

The '1971 Immigration Act and Immigration estrictions', that are in vogue now has least controversy, compared to restrictions elsewhere. The policy is now well defined.
The huge flow of people from abroad, particularly from the Eastern European region, was having a great strain with regard to society, health, jobs, housing and health. Majority of the UK populace view that migrants are responsible the increase in HIV, other types of diseases, crime, as well as taking away the manuals jobs of the local population as a result of their effort to work at low remuneration as well as long working hours. Economists are of the view that the economy has had advantages of about 6 billion annually from the migrant employees. (oberts 2007) This comes from the income tax and VAT, which is a part of the Treasury to be used in creating schools, hospitals and transport. It is true that…...

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References

Adler, Leonore Loeb; Gielen, Uwe P. 2003. Migration: Immigration and Emigration in International Perspective. Praeger: Westport, CT.

Balanced Migration. 2008 "PM Misses the big picture on Migration" 12 November,

 http://www.balancedmigration.org/ 

Champion, Tony. 1999. Migration and British Cities in the 1990's. National Institute

Economics of International Trade China
Exploring the Economics of International Trade: China

"Chinese international trade has experienced rapid expansion together with its dramatic economic growth which has made the country to target the world as its market," and its expansion has only continued to show powerful growth within the international economic marketplace (Sun & Heshmati, 2010, p 1). After China was reopened to trading with the West in 1978, the country has really took off in becoming one of the world's biggest producers and exporters of a plethora of different goods. China has grown tremendously as nations like the United States have become their biggest trading partners. In response, China has helped refuel this growth with the manipulation of their currency and their heavy investment in the U.S. dollar, which ensures them a more competitive position for their exports.

For generations, China had closed itself off to trading and interacting with many Western…...

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References

American Manufacturing. (2012). China and currency manipulation. Issues. Web. Retrieved September 4, 2012 from  http://americanmanufacturing.org/category/issues/china/china-and-currency-manipulation 

Barboza, David. (2012). Business and economy in China. New York Times. Web. Retrieved September 4, 2012 from  http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/news/international/countriesandterritories/china/business_and_economy/index.html 

Congress Quarterly. (1999). The consumer culture. CQ Researcher, 9(44), 1001-1016.

Manzay, Terrance. (2010). China export industry dominates worldwide. Article Snatch. Web. Reprieved September 4, 2012 from http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/China-Export-Industry-Dominates-Worldwide/3853472#.UEZqYKNIuHY

(5).
This paper provides further illustration of trade barrier to provide greater understanding on the method barrier to trade hurts economy. Fig 1 reveals the effects of international trade without trade barrier. From the graph, DD refers to domestic demand and DS means domestic supply, and the price of good is found at P, and the world price is found at P. However, domestic consumer will consume at Qw because the home country could only produce Qd. Thus, the home country must import Qw-Qd worth of goods to enhance efficiency in the economy.

Figure 1. Price without Trade Barrier

However, Fig 2 reveals the economy with trade barrier. It is revealed that the economy will not achieve maximum allocation of scarce resources because trade barriers reduce efficiencies because it would allow companies that would not have existed in a more competitive market environment to exist.

Figure 2. Price with the Effects of Trade…...

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Works Cited

Anderson, Kym. Subsidies and Trade Barriers. University of Adelaide. The Centre for International Economic Studies.2004.

Elwell, C.K (2006). Trade, Trade Barriers, and Trade Deficits: Implications for U.S. Economic Welfare. CRS Report for Congress.

Jeffery Frankel and David Romer, Does Trade Cause Growth?, NBER Working Paper No.

5476, June 1999.

International Risk Management
No profit was ever made without taking some financial risk. However, economists such as John Eatwell and Lance Taylor have argued in their text Global Finance at Risk: The Case for International Regulation that international financial markets are intrinsically and particularly apt to pose the threat of risk to potential investors on an individual and a corporate level. Investors in finance base their decisions on guesses, not only about how other investors within a nation will behave, but also about national stability, which affects the stability of the currency. As markets have grown more global in scope, industrialized countries often have pursued a more cautious monetary policy regarding other nations. However, too much caution can be risky too, Ultimately hesitancy in investment results not only in lost opportunities, but a climate of fear that can at its extremes generates international deflation, a depression in economic growth, and unnecessary…...

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Works Cited

Eatwell, John & Lance Taylor. (2000) Global Finance at Risk: The Case for International Regulation. New York: New Press.

Kelly, Michael P. (June/July 2001.)"Foreign Currency Risk: Minimizing Transaction Exposure." International Law.  http://www.vsb.org/publications/valawyer/june_july01/kelley.pdf 

Schnaue, Frank. (2004). "U.S. trade gap widens as production rises." UPI. http://app.quotemedia.com/data/newsItem.htm?storyId=1533543

Another reason why corporations choose to hold cash balances in a centralized repository is that the variety of accounts can be better managed as a mutual fund more complex investment structure than would be the case if the subsidiary alone managed the funds. A greater quality of information is available for example in the leading financial centers globally that would otherwise not be the case in more remote regions, making it possible to make more informed and correct decisions (Mitsos, 1997). The accuracy, efficiency and speed of decision-making based on more efficient use of information has led to more advanced forms of cash management than would have been the case on a per-subsidiary level (Fresard, Salva, 2010). Lastly, by having a centralized depository of cash for all subsidiaries, firms can hold less accumulated total cash, freeing up financial resources for other investments (Fresard, Salva, 2010). Companies become more efficient at…...

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References

Elliott, Graham, & Bewley, Ronald. (1994). The transmission of monetary policy: The relationship between centralized depositories and Monetary policy. Economic Record, 70(208), 19.

Fresard, L., & Salva, C.. (2010). The value of excess cash and corporate governance: Evidence from U.S. cross-listings. Journal of Financial Economics, 98(2), 359.

Hill, C.W.L. (2011). International business: Competing in the global marketplace (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Nicholas Mitsos. (1997, November). Virtual Group Treasury. TMA Journal, 17(6), 24-30.

Thus, free trade keeps costs lower for consumers and leads to more efficient production. However, there are exceptions to unabated free trade. Most notably, national security dictates restrictions on the sale of military goods to unfriendly countries. Also, one needs to consider appropriate responses to other countries who do not engage in fair trading policies. Recently, the U.S. has seen huge losses of jobs and a redistribution of wealth to Asian countries such as China and India. Perhaps some form of protectionism might be useful to give time for the U.S. time to make plans to deal with the situation.
ibliography

Comparative advantage and absolute advantage. EconomicsInteractive.com. Retrieved at http://www.unc.edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/Essays/AS_Comp_Adv.htm

Wallenius, H. International economics. http://www.tuta.hut.fi/studies/Courses_and_schedules/Isib/TU-91.2011/lecturenotes/Lecture_4.ppt#256,1,3INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY...

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Bibliography

Comparative advantage and absolute advantage. EconomicsInteractive.com. Retrieved at  http://www.unc.edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/Essays/ABS_Comp_Adv.htm 

Wallenius, H. International economics. TRADE POLICYhttp://www.tuta.hut.fi/studies/Courses_and_schedules/Isib/TU-91.2011/lecturenotes/Lecture_4.ppt#256,1,3INTERNATIONAL

I. Introduction
A. Explanation of the Wall Street Crash of 1929
B. Importance of understanding the causes and consequences of the crash
II. Background
A. Economic conditions leading up to the crash
B. Speculation in the stock market
C. Overproduction and underconsumption
III. Causes of the Crash
A. Stock market bubble
B. Excessive borrowing and margins
C. Lack of government regulation
D. International economic instability
IV. Effects of the Crash
A. Stock market collapse
B. Bank failures
C. Unemployment and poverty
D. Worldwide economic downturn
V. Response to the Crash
A. Government interventions
B. New Deal policies
C. Reforms in banking and financial sectors
VI. Lessons learned from the Crash
A. Importance of regulation and oversight
B. Need for diversification and risk management
C.....

1. International trade serves as a catalyst for global economic development by fostering economic growth, enhancing resource allocation, and facilitating technological advancements.

2. The interconnectedness engendered by international trade creates a global marketplace that stimulates competition, promotes innovation, and drives down consumer prices.

3. International trade plays a transformative role in equitable wealth distribution, enabling developing nations to access foreign markets, attract investment, and enhance their standards of living.

4. Globalization facilitated by international trade has accelerated the spread of ideas, knowledge, and technologies, leading to the transfer of expertise and accelerated economic progress.

5. The expansion of trade opportunities has facilitated the emergence....