economic costs are different from accounting costs and why a firm might still operate even when there is a loss.
The best way to describe the differnce between economic costs and accounting costs is to break down the economic costs into explicit and implicit costs. 'Explicit costs" are all of those circumstances that require specific outlay of money such as paying employees, paying rent and utility bills.

"Implicit costs" on the other hand are those opportunities and potential profit or loss that oen may have made hade one gone in another direction, but due to having absorbed oneself in one's present business one had to forego. An example of this may be someone deciding not to look for a conventional job in order to start his own home business over the web. The conventional opportunity may have provided him with a certain profit that he now has to forgo being that…...

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Rittenberg Libby and T. Tregarthen. (2009). Chapter 8: Production and Costs. Sections 1-4 Principles of Microeconomics. FlatworldKnowledge.com. Retrieved September 2, 2011 from: click here

Rittenberg Libby and T. Tregarthen. (2009). Chapter 12: Wages and Employment in Perfect Competition. Sections 1-4. FlatworldKnowledge.com. Retrieved September 2, 2011 from: click hereMarket & Market System. 'Perfect competition'. Tutor2U. Available at:  http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-micro-perfect-competition.html 

Vargas, L. (2001). "Maquiladoras: Impact on Texas Border Cities," in The Border Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Retrieved on February 18, 2011 from:  http://www.dallasfed.org/research/border/tbe_vargas.html

To cope with these rising costs, many employers will pass them on to their employees, as they are struggling to deal with this challenge (microeconomic factors). In this case, microeconomics is being applied to a macroeconomic issue, with the business forced to utilize them in their unique situation. ("Economic Theories," 2010)
Increased taxes are occurring, because many businesses are forced to pay multiple taxes supporting employee health care costs in different ways. Where, they have to pay employee health benefits and then they are required to indirectly pay Medicare / Medicaid taxes. This is troubling, because businesses are forced to pay more for health care costs, through covering their employees and various taxes. (Johnson, 2010) In this aspect, a macroeconomic theory is being applied, as the overall costs that employers are paying and the taxes for government programs are resulting in double expenses / taxation. ("Economic Theories," 2010)

Once employers begin…...

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Bibliography

Economic Theories. (2010). Reference for Business. Retrieved from:  http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Eco-Ent/Economic-Theories.html 

Eakin, D. (2004). The Uninsured and Rising Health Insurance Premiums. CBO. Retrieved from:  http://www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm?index=5152&type=0 

Johnson, T. (2010). Health Care Costs and U.S. Competitiveness. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from:  http://www.cfr.org/publication/13325/healthcare_costs_and_us_competitiveness.html

Microeconomics
Economic costs are both the direct costs and the opportunity costs of a decision. There are a number of types of costs that are discussed in economics disciplines. These can be direct and indirect costs, but more common costs are things like marginal costs. These are the added cost associated with an increase in output. Microeconomics often focuses on things like marginal cost, and uses the economic cost concept to analyze individual purchase decisions. For example, we can deduce that while a degree might cost $40,000, it also carries with it an opportunity cost related to how much could have been earned flipping burgers during those four years. The economic cost of the degree therefore might be closer to $50,000. The concept of economic costs is often applied to production situations, where firms must make decisions about pricing an production levels based on analysis of the different types of economic…...

The A1 northbound at Tritlington in Northumberland was also shut because of water running on to the road.

Among the areas worst hit by flooding were Morpeth, Durham, othbury, Chester-le-Street and Stockton-on-Tees. Some 19 elderly residents at a council care home in Gilling West, North Yorkshire, had to be carried to safety by firefighters after it became swamped by 3 feet of water.

Travel disruption was caused in Scotland by heavy rain and winds of up to 70 mph.

Cleveland Police declared a major incident due to weather conditions, with around 29 properties in Stockton evacuated by the emergency services as water levels rose to around 4 feet.

In Morpeth, Northumberland, homes were evacuated and about 40 residents rescued by fire services after the iver Wansbeck burst its banks.

Heavy rains sent cars careering down the iver Coquet and homes were flooded in othbury, Northumberland.

Emergency services evacuated around 30 properties in Hartburn, Stockton, Teesside.

About 50…...

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References

Burney, D.M., Simmonds, K. & Queeley, G. (2007, Summer). 'The Relationship between Socio-

Economic Conditions and the Impact of Natural Disasters on Rural and Urbanized

Regions Level of Preparedness and Recovery.' Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table, pp. 37-39.

Carter, H. (2012, September 28). 'Flooding leaves homes facing demolition in north-east

Introduction
Air pollution remains a global problem, especially in heavily industrialized nations such as the United States. Some progress has been made in recent years, however, due in large part to the provisions of the Clean Air Act of 1970 and subsequent federal regulations. The purpose and organization of the paper are described in this section.

How Air Pollution is Measured

This section is used to provide a description concerning how air pollution is measured and which constituent elements are included in the analysis.

How expensive are damages along with specific damages?

The current estimates of the economic costs of air pollution of around $131 billion each year are explained in this section together with examples of specific damages related to diminished worker productivity, increased inpatient stays and health care costs that are associated with the premature births caused by air pollution.

How pollution represents a market failure and how it affects the economy

A definition of…...

the country aims for the working population that had been estimated to be 125 million in 2006 to reach 147.8 million by 2020 (Economy watch, 2010).
elationship between unemployment and Brazil's economy

Unemployment in Brazil directly affects the economy of the country in several ways this include economic costs; rates of unemployment being persistent in Brazil indicate that there will be market failure in the country. Unemployment is an indication that resources are being wasted thus leading to loss of potential output and eventually a reduction in allocative efficiency. Brazil's economy will then be seen to operate below the maximum output that the country has potential of.

Unemployment also affects the economy of Brazil through financial costs. The Government of Brazil and the entire nation suffers some costs due to unemployment. There are some benefits that the government has to pay the unemployed and therefore the higher the rates of unemployment the more…...

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References

Economy watch. (2010).Brazil unemployment. Retrieved March 09, 2013 from  http://www.economywatch.com/unemployment/countries/brazil.html 

Trading Economies. (2012). Brazil Unemployment Rate. Retrieved March 09, 2013 from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/brazil/unemployment-rate

e. D (0), the cost of fighting crime / proportion of corrections i.e. C (P0) and the crimes / social costs / negative impacts on to offender i.e. FO. These different elements are important, because the combination of them is helping us to understand the total impact of crime and punishment on the economy.
As a result, these different factors are used in a basic formula to comprehend the effects of social phenomenon and crime on the economy. elow is the equation that is used to objectively evaluate what is occurring.

L (social / economic impact) = D (0) + C (P0) + FO

This formula is important, because it is providing us with a basic strategy that can be used to objectively evaluate the how crime and punishment are impacting society. Once this occurs, is when we can see the total economic impact of this on communities and the way that they…...

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Bibliography

"Social." (2011).

Becker, Gary. "Crime and Punishment." The Journal of Political Economy 76.2 (1968), 169 -- 217. Print.

This can help to alleviate the asymmetry of information between them. If sellers do that consistently, then buyers will gain trust in the sellers that price is in fact related to quality. When that happens, the market can function because buyers can be fairly certain of their utility.
What this refers to is the cost of dishonesty. In used cars, dishonesty will drive away business, so any car lot with an interest in long-term success must ensure that the costs of dishonesty are reduced by reducing dishonesty itself. He then likens the lemon market to the cost of doing business in a country with high levels of corruption. Firms are discouraged from investing in places where information asymmetry means that they cannot distinguish between a good business opportunity and a scam. Thus, again, encouraging a lack of corruption would be the best pathway to successful business promotion, just as it…...

Economic Influences
In the current budgetary environment, it is difficult to justify any increase in expenditures. In order to do this, especially to the public audience, it is necessary to offer a cost-benefit analysis. In the case of prison treatment and rehabilitation programs, there is a clear cost-benefit argument to be made.

When making an economic argument, trade-offs and opportunity cost are critical to understanding the issue. On one side of the economic ledger is the cost of the treatment and rehabilitation programs. These are known costs, and these are the costs that are included in the budget request. We know how much we want to spend on these programs. Yet, the idea that this simply represents new spending, with no trade-off, is entirely false. The trade-off is in ex-convicts who have lower recidivism rates, lower substance abuse rates, and who are more likely to be employable once they have exited the…...

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References:

Gudrais, E. (2013). The prison problem. Harvard Magazine. Retrieved November 14, 2013 from  http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/03/the-prison-problem

economic burden Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The research arguable issue yield a 1000-1200 words. All work local (USA) global.
The economic burden of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has been discovered relatively recently, meaning as such that progress has yet to be made in terms of treatment and management. Additionally, research is also yet to be exhaustive, as numerous aspects of the affection remain uncharted.

One important aspect of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is represented by the economic cost of the affection, revealed at multiple levels, such as the cost for the healthcare system, as well as the costs for the family. The current project assesses this issue through the lenses of the research that has already been conducted on the topic, in an effort to centralize and conclude upon the matter. The means in which this endeavor would be addressed is that of the Toulmin Method.

Background

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity…...

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References:

Bernfort, L., Nordfeldt, S., Persson, J., 2007, ADHD from a socio-economic perspective, Foundation Acta Paediatrtica

Daley, D., Birchwood, J., 2009, ADHD and academic performance: why does ADHD impact on academic performance and what can be done to support ADHD children in the classroom, Child: care, health and development

Matza, L.S., Paramore, C., Prasad, M., 2005, A review of the economic burden of ADHD,   last accessed on March 30, 2012http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/3/1/5 

Weida, S., Stolley, K., Organizing your argument, Owl Purdue,   / last accessed on March 30, 2012http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/588/03 

Economics
Total revenue represents all the company income. Total revenue is calculated by multiplying the price of products with the quantity sold. Typically, total revenue is calculated as follows:

Total revenue = price x quantity

Where price (P) and quantity (Q).

Total revenue=PxQ

As being revealed in Table 1, total revenue is calculated by multiplying price with quantity, when firm produces 2 quantities of goods, firm's total revenue is $10, however, when a firm produces 3 quantities of goods, its total revenue is $15.

Marginal revenue is an additional revenue that a firm generates when a firm sells additional unit of output. The marginal revenue plays an important role in the perfectly competitive firm where a perfectly competitive firm maximizes its profit when marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. The formula used to calculate marginal revenue is:

Marginal revenue= Change in total revenue/Change quantity.

The average revenue is calculated by dividing the total revenue by the quantity…...

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References

Aderton, (1977).Economics. Pearson Education

Sloman, A and Sutcliffe, M (2004). Economics for Business. Prentice Hall.

If there is a risk that one of the family members will lose his or her job, that will add risk to the purchase decision. The riskier the purchase decision, the lower the price will need to be in order to compensate for that. Another factor here is the expected change in housing prices or interest rates. Buyers are inclined to enter the market if they believe that the cost of home ownership will be higher next year, but they may delay purchases if they believe that costs will be lower next year.
ith new home sales last summer, the dip could be in part due to worries about a double-dip recession. The summer was characterized by an inane fight over the debt ceiling, something that shattered confidence of many in the political system, and some of the key actors within that system. A fractured political system is one that…...

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Works Cited:

Hauser, C. (2011, Aug 24). Sales of new homes fell again in july. New York Times, pp. B.6-B.6.  http://search.proquest.com/docview/884825381?accountid=35812

Economic Crisis
The revelation of the financial crisis that unfolded in United States in 2008 is considered to be the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, 1929. The distinctive causative factors that have contributed to the U.S. economic crisis 2008- 2009 are differentiated by aggravated financial control, higher risks in capital investment, the housing bubble phenomena in relation to the brisk credit expansion. The aggregation of these factors in the U.S. economy directed the economy towards the de- leverage and credit crunches as the bubble burst. The following paper shall be discussing about the degree of correlation between the tax implications policies with respect to the financial crisis in U.S.. The precise review of strong linkages between the taxation and economic crises is the explicit explanation of the crisis that shook America. The paper also highlights the key factors that demonstrated their abilities and rescued U.S. In the economic crisis.

Introduction

The…...

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Reference

Carr, D.A. (2011). Responses to Local Fiscal Shocks: Path Dependency Effects of the Clean Air Act. Public Finance and Management, 11(2), 160+. Retrieved March 9, 2012, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5050180027 

Hendrickson, J.M., & Nichols, M.W. (2010). Did Commercial Banks Close Branches in Low-income Neighborhoods in Response to the Cra? Implications for Understanding the 2007-2008 Financial Crisis. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 13(1), 17+. Retrieved March 9, 2012, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5044499375 

Johnson, E.M. (2010, April). Mr. Trust Buster. In These Times, 34, 7+. Retrieved March 9, 2012, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5041402599 

Robinson, S.N., & Nantz, D.P. (2009). Lessons to Be Learned from the Financial Crisis. Journal of Private Enterprise, 25(1), 5+. Retrieved March 9, 2012, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5037768696

Economic Crisis Policies
US current economic crisis is considered to be started from real estate sector. The real sector started to decline in 2006 and it accelerated in 2007 and 2008. Housing prices have fallen from the peak from about 25% so far. The decline in prices left homeowners with no option and they were unable to refinance their mortgages and causes default of mortgages. This default of mortgages and loans swallowed the banks and financial markets such as falling of Lehman's brothers and other anks and blow to rest of economy happened as the whole economy was relying on banks and ultimately it slows down investment in the country and capital flows to other parts of the world like China and India. ank losses cause reduction of bank capital which in turn requires capital reduction thus saving bank from lending. It is estimated that every $100 loss and reduction of…...

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Bibliography

ISR international socialist review. (2009, april). Retrieved from The U.S. economic crisis:causes and solutions:  http://www.isreview.org/issues/64/feat-moseley.shtml 

Journal of accountancy. (2009, october). Retrieved from The U.S. economic crisis: root causes and road to recovery: www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2009/Oct/20091781

Eyes on wall street. (2011, april). Retrieved from Levin coburn investigates casues of financial crisis:  http://www.eyesonwallstreet.com/2011/04/articles/financial-crisis/levincoburn-report-investigates-causes-of-the-financial-crisis/ 

Rude, C. (2009). World Economic Crisis and Fed Reserve Response to it. Studies in Political Economy.

Economic Systems:
An economic system is basically described as specific set of principles that addresses the production, distribution, and consumption of products and services. The involved parties in the production, distribution, and consumptions processes are usually determined by or dependent on the economic system. Throughout the history of humanity, different types of economic systems have evolved because different societies have placed varying emphasis on distinctive goals and priorities as part of their efforts to obtain answers to certain economic questions. In addition, the difference in economic systems is fueled by the tendency by different societies to develop very broad economic approaches to manage their resources. One of the main reasons for the development of different economic systems is to address the challenge of scarcity. The challenge of scarcity is an essential problem that confronts individuals and nations. hile there are four major types of economic systems recognized by economists, there are…...

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Works Cited:

"Economic Systems." Hilliard Bradley High School. Hilliard Bradley High School, n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. .

"Factors of Production." Enotes.com - Study Smarter. Enotes.com, Inc., n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. .

"Types of Economic Systems." Economic Systems. Shmoop University, Inc., n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. .

1. The root causes of the opioid epidemic and how society can address them
2. The impact of opioid addiction on individuals, families, and communities
3. The role of pharmaceutical companies in fueling the opioid epidemic
4. The connection between mental health and opioid addiction
5. Strategies for preventing opioid addiction and promoting safe pain management
6. The criminal justice system's response to the opioid epidemic
7. The stigma surrounding opioid addiction and its impact on individuals seeking help
8. The economic costs of the opioid epidemic on healthcare systems and society
9. The role of healthcare providers in addressing the opioid epidemic
10. The potential for harm reduction....

Topic 1: The Root Causes of the Opioid Epidemic

Examine the complex interplay of factors contributing to the opioid epidemic, including the role of prescription practices, socioeconomic inequality, and the influence of pharmaceutical companies.

Topic 2: The Socioeconomic Impact of the Opioid Epidemic

Analyze the devastating consequences of the opioid epidemic on communities, including increased crime rates, poverty, and the strain on social services.

Topic 3: The Role of Prescription Practices in Fueling the Epidemic

Investigate the role of doctors, pharmacists, and the healthcare system in the overprescription of opioids and its impact on the epidemic.

Topic 4: The Failure of Law Enforcement....

1. The causes and effects of air pollution in urban areas
2. The impact of plastic pollution on marine ecosystems
3. The role of industrial activities in water pollution
4. How deforestation contributes to environmental pollution
5. The health effects of pollution on human populations
6. The effectiveness of government policies in combating pollution
7. The role of technology in reducing pollution levels
8. The ethical implications of pollution on future generations
9. The connection between climate change and pollution
10. The importance of public awareness and education in addressing pollution issues
11. The link between pollution and wildlife extinction
12. Case studies of successful....

1. The effects of alcohol consumption on mental health.
2. The impact of advertising on alcohol consumption.
3. Alcohol consumption among college students and its consequences.
4. The relationship between alcohol consumption and violence.
5. Alcohol consumption trends and patterns among different demographics.
6. The role of peer pressure in alcohol consumption behavior.
7. The economic costs of alcohol consumption on society.
8. Alcohol consumption and its link to chronic health conditions.
9. Strategies for reducing harmful alcohol consumption in communities.
10. The cultural norms and attitudes surrounding alcohol consumption.
11. The correlation between alcohol consumption and risky behavior such as driving under the influence.

12. The effects of alcohol consumption....