Deception
A) How are the contexts and deceptions different?
In the two articles, "Lying for Love in the Modern Age, Deception in Online Dating" and "Exoneration of Serious rongdoing via Confession to a Lesser Offense," the two authors describe different ways in which people lie to one another in the modern world. The major difference between the two presented categories of deception is the way in which it affects others. "Lying for Love in the Modern Age, Deception in Online Dating" deals with how human beings lie to one another in a romantic context. The online age has made it easier for potential partners to win over another person without having to be honest about anything in their lives. hen a person signs up for an online dating site, or goes into a chat room, they present themselves to the audience in a certain way which can very well have no similarity…...
mlaWorks Cited:
Markopolos, H. & Frank Casey (2010). No One Would Listen: a True Financial Thriller. Fox Hounds: Hoboken, NJ.
McGlone, Matthew and Knapp, Mark. (2009). The Interplay of Truth and Deception: New
Agendas in Theory and Research. Routledge: New York, NY.
Peck, S. (2011). Investment Ethics. John Wiley: New York, NY.
If an individual is cognizant of their actions and demonstrate a level of regret directed toward their behavior or its implications, does this suggest the individual is truly aware of their behavior (i.e. The theoretical "information" defined earlier) and therefore incapable of engaging in "self-deception" at this point? This is a deeply philosophical question to answer, one that escapes the confines of what is analyzed here; however in addressing this question at the margins, will impact the level to which "self-deception" is prevalent and influential throughout the literary analysis involving Jack and illie -- the professor and the dutiful student. The individual "plays a role"; engages in acting to create a false paradigm that lends itself to the further creation of a false consciousness. Does Jack do this? One could argue that he does, as will be demonstrated, by transforming himself into a political hatchet man after he is introduced…...
mlaWorks Cited
Blair, John. "The Lie We Must Learn to Live by." Studies in the Novel 25 (1993): 56. Print.
Bloom, Harold. The entire King's Men. New York: Chelsea House, 2007. Print.
Booth, Wayne. The Rhetoric of Fiction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. Print.
Fingarette, Herbert. Self Deception. New York: Humanities Publishing, 2009. Print.
Benefits could also be perceived on a more individual level, in that participants receive financial compensation for their involvement in the study.
III. DECEPTION in ESEACH
Laura Stark (2005, p. 2) recognizes that there has been tension in psychology research between the moral abhorrence associated with deception in research, and the perception of its necessity. According to Stark (p. 3), the federal government realized the necessity of regulation in terms of deception in psychological research. This realization brought about the National esearch Act of 1973, according to which certain guidelines and regulations were established to take into account the rights of human subjects in research. In the same year, researchers were also provided with the right to not fully disclose the details of research if this were considered to be necessary.
Stark (p. 10) notes that the main reasons for deception in psychological research during the 1950s and 1960s related to the…...
mlaReferences
Purdue University (2009). Committee on the Use of Human Research Subjects. http://www.irb.purdue.edu/deception.shtml
Stark, Laura (2005, Jan 18). "Negotiating the Ethics of Deception: Methods, Morality, and Human Subjects in American Psychology, 1966-1973" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, PA Online . 2009-02-05 at http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p22813_index.html
He quotes the claims that they customarily begin with the demand "If you know what's good for you, you'll confess," and cites various experts in criminal law enforcement who state that police "con" and "bull*****" their suspects, that they use coercion, deception and are not willing to change. He counters this last assertion by claiming that historically, American police have made radical changes in their tactics and must certainly make changes in their questioning techniques. He states that the history of police over the last 100 years is a history of radical change, and that they can continue to better their methods.
eferences
Barker, T. And Carter, D. (1990). Fluffing up the evidence and covering your ass: Some conceptual notes on police lying. Deviant Behavior. Vol. 11(1).
Conti, .P. (1999). The psychology of false confessions. The Journal of Credibility Assessment and Witness Psychology. Vol 2(1). Boise State University Department of Psychology. etrieved…...
mlaReferences
Barker, T. And Carter, D. (1990). Fluffing up the evidence and covering your ass: Some conceptual notes on police lying. Deviant Behavior. Vol. 11(1).
Conti, R.P. (1999). The psychology of false confessions. The Journal of Credibility Assessment and Witness Psychology. Vol 2(1). Boise State University Department of Psychology. Retrieved November 26, 2007 at http://truth.boisestate.edu/jcaawp/9901/9901.pdf .
Department of the Army. (2005). U.S.Army Intelligence and Interrogation Handbook: The Official Guide on Prisoner Interrogation. Guildford, CT: The Lyons Press.
Gudjonsson, G.H. (2003). The Psychology of Interrogation and Confessions: A Handbook. West Sussex, England: Wiley.
Benedick pretended not to know who Benedick was but he was apparently unsuccessful since Beatrice insulted him by calling him 'the prince's jester' among many other insults. Benedick's conversations with Claudio and Don Pedro indicated that he had been very hurt by Beatrice's comments. This provided another clue to his real feelings for Beatrice and his reasons for trying to hide his true from her identity behind the mask. Meanwhile, Antonio is paired up with Ursula at the same party. She recognized him immediately but Antonio insisted that he was only pretending to be Antonio, suggesting that he may have had feelings for her just as Benedick had for Beatrice (or at least a curiosity to know more about her).
In Othello, deception also led to tragic downfall of the leading female character, Desdemona, as well as of the leading male character, Othello. Iago had slandered Desdemona and had shown…...
Deception of the Tobacco Industry
Smoking is a factor, and an important factor, in the production of carcinoma in the lung," wrote Richard Doll and radford Hill some fifty years ago. It was this first study which would initiate all others. It was this first study which would be expanded and eventually establish smoking as a major health risk linking it to problems including everything from heart disease to bronchitis, from indigestion to impotence. And it was this first study which would spark the controversies still surrounding smoking, smokers and the tobacco industry.
For over fifty years the tobacco industry has repeatedly demonstrated a callous and irresponsible demeanor. Throughout the years the industry has lied to the public about the harmful effects of cigarettes and they have consciously marketed their product toward youth, minorities, and the poor. The following pages will look closely at issues surrounding cigarettes, smoking, and the multi-billion…...
mlaBibliography
Hilton, Matthew. (2000, May). Smoking Gun. History Today. Retrieved April 22, 2003 from Find Articles. Website: http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1373/5_50/62087852
Glass, Charles. (1996, December 20). Smoke and be Happy. New Statesman. Retrieved April 22, 2003 from Find Articles. Website: http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0FQP/n4315_v125/19128805/print.jhtml
2001, April). Tobacco's Toll: Implications for the Pediatrician. Pediatrics. Retrieved April 22, 2003 from Find Articles. Website: http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0950/f_107/82372688/print.jhtml
Rampton, Sheldon. (2000.) How Big Tobacco Helped Create "the Junkman." PR Watch. Vol. 7, No 3. Retrieved April 22, 2003 from PR Watch Archives. Website: http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2000Q3/junkman.html
Deception Detection
The video provided is a documentary of the men who came to be called The Norfolk Four, and who were accused of the rape and murder of a woman none of them actually knew. The largest problem with this case and the documentary regarding it was not even that the men were wrongly accused, because that can happen to anyone. The issue is the lengths to which the police and prosecutors went in order to make sure they got convictions for these men, even though the way they went about getting these convictions -- and the confessions that started them down that path -- were so flawed that they should have been thrown out immediately. The idea that the confessions were not thrown out is shocking, frightening, and honestly, a little bit nauseating. It seems as though it could happen to any innocent person, all because he or she…...
mlaReferences
Hartwig, M., Granhag, P.A., Stromwall, L.A., & Kronkvist, O. (2006). Strategic use of evidence during police interviews: When training to detect deception works. Law and Human Behavior, 30: 603-619.
Morgan, C.A., Hazlett, G., Doran, A., Garrett, S., Hoyt, G., Thomas, P., Baranoski, M., & Southwick, S.M. (2004). Accuracy of eyewitness memory for persons encountered during exposure to highly intense stress. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 27: 265-279.
" This approach would also help protect computer systems from unauthorized access by insiders as well, he says (3).
In the spirit of "fight fire with fire," Rowe says that because computer hackers typically use deceptive practices (e.g., impersonation, viruses/worms, and denial of service attacks), it just makes good sense to turn the tables on the hackers by using honeypots and honeynets to collect the kinds of information required to do so. Citing examples from nature, Rowe points out that deception is a common defensive tactic, but it can also be used in a more offensive way by deceiving hackers into staying in the system as long as possible; in some cases, though, the author emphasizes that security considerations would require that the hacker simply be disconnected rather than tricked into staying in the system as long as possible. By keeping the system responses as realistic as possible during these episodes,…...
mlaWorks Cited
Rowe, Neil C. "Designing Good Deceptions in Defense of Information Systems." Monterey CA: Cebrowski Institute, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.
End Notes
1) This is perhaps the most interesting part of this analysis; by suggesting that security professionals take what hackers universally understand about computers and turn it against them, Rowe immediately succeeds in developing a high degree of interest in this essay.
2) Rowe says that "Honeypots are systems with no purpose except to encourage attacks so data can be collected, and honeynets are networks of honeypots."
In that regard, the future applications of Ekman's principles and techniques for identifying concealment of emotions and deception of intentions may improve the accuracy, efficiency, and speed of facial analysis. In general, computer applications are much more capable of analyzing such information accurately than even the best-trained human beings (Ekman, 2003). Deliberate attempts to employ anti-detection techniques to counter the methods of detection introduced by Ekman may indeed be possible with respect to human beings, however, the increased precision with which computers perform the same fundamental analyses of facial expressions is likely much more difficult to circumvent through deliberate facial manipulations.
First, the highly complex mathematical formulae through which computer facial scanning software perform the same analyses of facial expressions use much more precise objective data than those capable of being considered by human beings (Safir,
2003). Second, whereas human detection relies almost exclusively on the examination of each individual separately, computer…...
mlaReferences
Adams, S.H. "Communication Under Stress: Indicators of Veracity and Deception in Written Narratives" Ph.D. Dissertation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University; (2002).
DePaulo, B.M., Kirkendol, S.E., Tang, J., and O'Brien, T.P. "The Motivational Impairment Effect in the Communication of Deception" Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, Vol. 12, No. 3: 177 -- 202; (1988).
DePaulo, B.M., Lindsay, J.J., Malone, B.E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., and Cooper, H. "Cues to Deception" Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 129, No. 1: 74 -- 118; (2003).
Conversely, guilty callers generally try to conceal their criminal involvement by requesting help for themselves, providing extraneous irrelevant information, and tend to be somewhat uncooperative while maintaining a calm and collected demeanor (Addams & Harpster, 2008).
During other phases of investigation such as interviews, investigators are trained to detect subtle choices of words that often correspond to intentional deception.
Specifically, individuals attempting to lie to investigators do not lie directly as often as indirectly, such as by omitting information instead of making affirmative statements that are untrue (Sandoval, 2008; Schafer, 2008). Examples of passive attempts to misrepresent information during criminal investigators and sworn testimony tend to employ text bridges in the form of words and phrases like "and then" or "later on" where their criminal conduct took place during the period of time corresponding to those text bridges (Schafer, 2008).
Similarly, guilty individuals attempting to conceal or minimize their connection to crimes…...
mlaReferences Adams, S. And Harpster, T. (2008). "Homicide Calls and Statement Analysis" FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin; Vol. 77 No. 6, (pp. 22-31).
Conlon, E. (2004). Blue Blood. New York: Riverhead.
Sandoval, V. (2008). "Interview Clues: Words That Leave an Investigative Trail" FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin; Vol. 77 No. 1, (pp. 1-9).
Schafer, J. (2008). "Text Bridges and the Micro-Action Interview" FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin; Vol. 77 No. 1, (pp. 20-24).
Schmalleger, F. (2008). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Crisis Negotiation and Deception
Crisis negotiation entails law enforcement communication and interaction with people threatening to cause actual bodily harm or property destruction. This may include hostage takers, suicidal individuals, stalkers, and barricaded subjects (McMains & Mullins, 2010). As can be exemplified by James Harvey's case, the distress characterizing such incidents coupled with lack of full control over the situation may tempt law enforcers to engage in deceptive tactics aimed at diffusing tensions (Frances, 1995; Lakhani, 2007). In 1988, Harvey held hostage a group of children in a class. After lengthy negotiations, Harvey was offered videotaped pardon from the Governor in return for a public press opportunity where he would air his grievances. As a result, Harvey surrendered his weapon after which he was wrestled to the ground and arrested (Frances, 1995). The promises offered were never fulfilled. In a similar case - State vs. Sands - the immunity offered to…...
mlaReferences
Frances, B. (1995). Criminal Justice Ethics: Lying During Crisis Negotiations - A Costly Means to Expedient Resolution. Retrieved from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Lying+during+crisis+negotiations%3A+a+costly+means+to+expedient...-a017115286
Lakhani, A. (2007). The Truth About Lying as a Negotiation Tactic: Where Business, Ethics, and Law Collide ... Or Do They? ADR Bulletin, 9 (6), pp. 101-109
McMains, M.J. & Mullins, W.C. (2010). Crisis Negotiations (4th ed.). New Providence, NJ: LexisNexis/Anderson.
Ethics and Investigation: The Use of Deception
The following study identifies the ethical codes of conduct required in any form of service especially in the government and ways it can be breached. The particular situations under which such codes are violated include during criminal investigations and interrogations. This is discussed alongside the debate on whether it is ethically correct to use deception and lies during investigations. Finally, the paper gives a judgment on whether the investigators are justified to breach the code of ethics during investigative missions. A definition of two contrasting schools of thought known as the ontological ethics and deontological ethics is also given at the introduction section.
Introduction
Criminal investigation is one very complex field of administration globally. Ideally, the subject being dealt with touches on some of the most serious offences punishable according to the laws of any jurisdiction. As a result, culprits will likely prefer to die with…...
mlaReferences
Braswell, M.C., & McCarthy, B.R. (2008). Justice, Crime and Ethics (6th ed.). Burlington: Elsevier Science.
Long, D.S., Fox, N.R., & York, T. (2007). Calculated Futures Theology, Ethics, And Economics. Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press.
Ryberg, J. (2004). The Ethics Of Proportionate Punishment: A Critical Investigation. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
509). Likewise, in a conventional military context, Davis and Shapiro describe anti-access and area denial as being "cost-imposing strategies," a description these authors suggest is particularly useful in the counterterrorism context. In addition, game theory can help avoid military confrontations altogether, thereby avoiding unnecessary friendly casualties. In this regard, Schofield (1999) emphasizes that, "The inevitability of armed conflict in the classical sense is not a foregone conclusion in a terrorist incident, but hinges on many variables" (p. 8). Finally, as Davis and Shapiro (2003) point out, "Projecting and sustaining power in distant antiaccess and area-denial environments is now one of the Department of Defense's key operational goals of the military transformation" (p. 42). In this environment, identifying more effective approaches to the management of these battlefield scenarios has assumed new relevance and importance.
Scope of Study
The scope of the proposed study will extend to an analysis of relevant resources published…...
mlaReferences
Blasch, E., Chen, G. & Pham, K. (2008, March). A Markov game model for space threat prediction. Proceedings of the SPIE, 6974.
Castanon, D., Pachter, a.M. & Chandler, P.R. (2004). A game of deception. 43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, December 14-17, 2004, Atlantis, Paradise Island, Bahamas.
Cruz, Y.L. & Schumacher, C.J. (2007, April). Pop-up threat models for persistent area denial. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 43(2), 509-521.
Edling, C.R. (2002). Mathematics in sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 197.
The court ruled that the police impaired her free choice by going beyond the evidence connecting her to the crime and introducing a completely extrinsic consideration in the form of an empty but plausible threat to take away something to which she and her children would otherwise be entitled." (DiPietro, 1)
It is conceivable that this could be drawn on as a cause for inadmissibility of evidence yielded by the extrinsic threat of a death penalty which is an 'empty but plausible threat.' In essence, this was an act which diluted the defendant's conceptions of his own rights. That he was a minor at the time of this exchange implies further that he was particularly vulnerable to this type of distortion.
Those things said, it remains inherently problematic that the confession came outside the context of a coercive or inappropriate interrogation. The voluntary nature of the confession and the fact that…...
mlaWorks Cited:
DiPietro, A.L. (1993). Lies, promises, or threats: the voluntariness of confessions - interrogative techniques by police. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Online at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2194/is_n7_v62/ai_14234506/
Gideon, B. (2008). When Does Police Coercion Make a Confession Involuntary? A Public Defender. Online at http://apublicdefender.com/2008/12/25/when-does-police-coercion-make-a-confession-involuntary/
McKibben, C. (2006). Use of Lies to Obtain the Truth: The Police Can Lie To You. Criminal Attorney News. Online at http://www.criminalattorney.com/news/police-can-lie-to-you/
Moushey, B. (2006). False Confessions: Coercion Often Leads to False Confessions. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Online at http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06243/717790-84.stm
eligion
Psychology is one of those fields that often butts heads with religion. It does this in the sense that sometimes conclusions and outcomes from research can run counter to the religious beliefs that the psychologist holds near and dear. Christianity is certainly one of the religions that encounters a lot of discord with psychology given the ubiquity of both psychology and Christianity in the modern era of the United States, Europe and other fully modern countries. In a modern context, it would seem to be increasingly more likely for psychology and Christianity to butt heads. Just one example would be the fact that many Christians cite the Holy Bible verses that seemingly deride homosexuality as inherently sinful and wrong. Psychology held the perspective for quite a long time that homosexuality was the sign of a mentally ill or mentally defective human being rather than being a product of genetics. This…...
mlaReferences
Childs Jr., J. M. (2004). Updating the ELCA Studies on Sexuality. Dialog: A Journal Of Theology, 43(1), 63-65. doi:10.1111/j.0012-2033.2004.00190.x
Hagel, S., Reischke, J., Kesselmeier, M., Winning, J., Gastmeier, P., Brunkhorst, F. M., & ...
Pletz, M. W. (2015). Quantifying the Hawthorne Effect in Hand Hygiene Compliance
Through Comparing Direct Observation With Automated Hand Hygiene
- The role of gender and masculinity in Macbeth
- The symbolism of blood in Macbeth
- The use of supernatural elements in Macbeth
- The portrayal of power and ambition in Macbeth
- The theme of guilt and conscience in Macbeth
- The significance of sleep and dreams in Macbeth
- The impact of betrayal and deception in Macbeth
- The portrayal of mental illness and madness in Macbeth
- The relationship between fate and free will in Macbeth
- The role of the supernatural witches in Macbeth
One lesser-known but interesting topic to consider exploring in an essay on Macbeth is the theme of equivocation. Equivocation is the....
Of course! Here are some potential essay topics related to the placebo effect that you could consider:
1. The history and origins of the placebo effect: Exploring how the concept of the placebo effect has evolved over time and its cultural and scientific roots.
2. The psychology of the placebo effect: Analyzing the psychological mechanisms behind the placebo effect and how factors such as expectation, conditioning, and belief play a role.
3. The ethics of placebo treatments: Discussing the ethical implications of using placebos in medical practice and research, including issues of informed consent and deception.
4. The neurological basis of the placebo effect:....
Essay Topics on the Placebo Effect
Introduction:
The placebo effect, a fascinating phenomenon, arises when individuals experience significant health improvements after receiving an inactive or fake treatment. This effect highlights the power of the mind and its ability to influence physiological responses. Exploring the placebo effect offers valuable insights into the complexities of health and well-being.
1. The Mechanisms Behind the Placebo Effect
Investigate the psychological and physiological processes that contribute to the placebo effect.
Discuss the role of expectation, conditioning, and cognitive biases in shaping the experience.
Explore the potential involvement of neurochemical pathways, such as the release of endorphins.
2. Placebo Effect....
1. The Role of Deception in Julius Caesar
2. Betrayal and Dishonesty in Julius Caesar
3. Lies and Deceit: Themes of Dishonesty in Julius Caesar
4. The Manipulative Power of Dishonesty in Julius Caesar
5. Brutus and Cassius: The Art of Deception in Julius Caesar
6. The Consequences of Dishonesty in Julius Caesar
7. Deception and Betrayal: Key Themes in Julius Caesar
8. Honesty vs. Deception in Julius Caesar
9. The Mask of Deceit: Characters in Julius Caesar
10. Political Machinations: Dishonesty in Julius Caesar
11. Unveiling the Truth: Deception in Julius Caesar
12. Deception Unraveled: Analyzing Julius Caesar
13. The Web of Lies: Dishonesty in Julius Caesar
14. The Betrayal Game: Deception....
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