Biochemical Analysis: Dengue Denv Protease
Dengue Virus Protein Biochemical Analysis

Database Search Methods

Of the several CSU databases available, I chose to utilize PubMed, because Medline is specific for biological research. I also wanted to avoid retrieving qualitative studies, given the topic chosen, and felt Pubmed would be the best way to find quantitative studies.

The first search string I used was , which retrieves 4,028 citations. Since I was unfamiliar with this topic, I clicked on the "eview" filter at the top left of the window. After scanning through the titles I chose one and read the abstract (Morrison, Aguirre, and Fernandez-Sesma, 2012). The abstract for this article provided enough information about the protein complex DENV protease that I could begin to narrow my search. The next search string utilized was , which returned 56 citations. Since the instructions required articles published within the last five years, I began reading the most recent…...

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References

Morrison, Juliet, Aguirre, Sebastian, and Fernandez-Sesma, Ana. (2012). Innate immunity evasion by dengue virus. Viruses, 4, 397-413.

Novabiochem. (2005). Solid phase synthesis of AMC-based enzyme substrates. Merck Biosciences AG. Retrieved 11 Mar. 2013 from www.merckmillipore.com/chemicals/showBrochure?id=200907.211.

Rothan, Hussin A., Han, Heh Choon, Rmasamy, Thamil Selvee, Othman, Shatrah, Rahman, Noorsaadah Abd, and Yusof, Rohana. (2012a). Inhibition of dengue NS2B-NS3 protease and viral replication in Vero cells by recombinant retrocyclin-1. BMC Infectious Diseases, 12, 1-9.

Rothan, Hussin A., Abdulrahman, Ammar Y., Sasikumer, Pottayil G., Othman, Shatrah, Rahman, Noorsaadah Abd, and Yusof, Rohana. (2012b). Protegrin-1 inhibits dengue NS2B-NS3 serine protease and viral replication in MK2 cells. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2012, 1-6.

apid acting diet pills begin working from the minute they are consumed and show results within hours. They contain specially extracted alkaloids that increase thermogenesis and oxidation of fat, even during rest, by increasing the release of norepinephrine, epinephrine, caffiene and cortisol. They also cause lipolysis and burn fat quickly. Some pills contain amphetamines,or amphetamine - mimicing substances, which cause appetite suppression. It regulates bood sugar levels through active ingredients, such as corosolic acid, which is a triterpinoid found in leaves. They also reduce sugar cravings. It is important to know the ingredients and exact dosage of these diet pills to prevent the body from reacting in an unwanted manner through effects that can cause detrimental effects to the health of the individuals.(The Bottom Line about Diet Pills). A study shows that natriuretic peptides are powerful lipolytic agents, contained in subcutaneous adipose tissues. Isoproterenol and LCDs are two drugs that…...

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REFERENCES:

Champe, Pamela C., Harvey, Richard, &Ferrierq, Denise R. (2009). Biochemistry. Philadelphia: Elsevier.

Guyton, Arthur, & Hall, John E. (2010). Textbook of medical physiology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.

C Sengenes, V Stich, M Berlan, J Hejnova, M Lafontan, Z Pariskova and J Galitzky.Increased lipolysis in adipose tissue and lipid mobilization to natriuretic peptides during low-calorie diet in obese women. (2002). International Journal Of Obesity, 26(1), 24-32.

The bottom line about diet pills.(n.d.). Retrieved from  

Hendset M, Lunder N, Refsum H, Island TK[dietary supplements--surprise pills?]. (2005).Pubmed, 125(6), Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15776071 

Henn, Debrah, &DeEugenio, Deborah.(2005). Diet pills. New York: Chelsae House.

Lewis, R. Goldrank&Flomenbaum, Neal .(2006). Goldfrank'stoxicoloy emergencies. New York: Mcgraw Hill Company.http://www.chasefreedom.com/drugs.html 

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
Cells can be divided into two categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are significantly smaller than eukaryotic cells. This size difference is due to the many contents inside a eukaryotic cell that prokaryotic cells do not have. To begin with, prokaryotic cells are always going to be unicellular, while eukaryotic cells can also be unicellular but are many times multicellular (Murray & Baron, 2007). Prokaryotic cells do not have any membrane-bound organelles inside them, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or lysosome as eukaryotic cells do. The DNA of eukaryotic cells is linear and is contained within the nucleus, while DNA in prokaryotic cells is circular and is contained within the nuclear body, a non-membrane surrounded structure (Murray & Baron, 2007). The number of ribosomes inside a prokaryotic cell is a lot less than those contained in a eukaryotic cell. Prokaryotic ribosomes are about 70s while eukaryotic…...

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References:

Murray, Patrick R., and Ellen Jo. Baron. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: ASM, 2007. Print.

Nester, E., Anderson, D., & Roberts, C.E. (2012).Microbiology: A human perspective. (7th ed). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Manic-Depressive Insanity or the Term Melancholia
Manic-depressive Insanity

The main topic that will be considered in the paper is manic depression. Two papers from different historical periods will be chosen for the paper for a detailed analysis and for any change of concepts of manic depression over time. The first chosen article is from the year 1910, "Diagnosis in States of Depression," written by Bedford Pierce. Second article chosen for the paper is from 1950s, "Clinical and Biochemical Investigations in a Manic Depressive with Short Cycles," written by . Klein. The search and selection of these two articles is based on the fact that the importance of the manic depression was realized. Based on these facts, two articles were chosen. The comparison of the concepts given in the two articles will be compared with respect to the timelines.

Summary of the articles

The first article published in 1910 refers to a variety of patients…...

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References

Klein, R. (1950). Clinical and Biochemical Investigations in A Manic Depressive with Short Cycles. British journal of Psychiatry 96:293-297.

Pierce, P. (1910). Diagnosis in States of Depression. The British Medical Journal, p. 1333-1338.

Nutrition
John Frewin is a young child who lives with his parents. The 12-year-old is on a sustaining income of his parents. The parents of the child are low-income earners. The amount they receive can only sustain partial needs of the family thus aspects of the poor state of the society. John Frewin was diagnosis of Crohn's disease was at the age of 10 through a critical examination in the health institution. The main objective of this research exercise is to integrate ABCD's of nutritional assessment in the evaluation of Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease or Crohn syndrome refers to a condition involving inflammation of the lining of the digestive system (Ferrara & Saccomano, 2012). This disease affects the intestines as well as rare cases in any place from the mouth to the end of the rectum. The cause of Crohn syndrome is unknown. Despite this aspect, various elements might contribute towards…...

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References

Triantafillidis, J.K., Durakis, S., & Merikas, E. (2013). Crohn's disease of the small bowel, complicated by primary biliary cirrhosis, Hashimoto thyroiditis, and Raynaud's phenomenon: favorable response of all disorders to adalimumab treatment.

Gastroenterology & Hepatology From Bed To Bench, 6(2), 101-105.

Rochelle, T., & Fidler, H. (2013). The importance of illness perceptions, quality of life and psychological status in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Journal Of

Health Psychology, 18(7), 972-983.

Emergency Readiness Annotated Bibliography
Biochemical terrorism, nuclear or other terrorism is everyone's nightmare since the anthrax scares in Washington D.C. In September of 2001 and the Al-Qaeda attacks on September 11, 2001. The purpose of this annotated bibliography is to document the effectiveness of emergency management and readiness in Connecticut. It has been more than 5 years since the TOPOFF 3 emergency exercises in 2006 and literature published since then needs to be annotated and review for homeland security studies.

Annotated Bibliography

Petersen, R.E., Lindsay, B.R., Kapp, L., Liu, E.C., & Peterman, D.R. Congressional Reporting

Service, United States Congress. (2008). Homeland emergency preparedness and the national exercise program: Background, policy implications, and issues for congress. Washington, D.C.:

Government Printing Office.

In the CRS report, the series of ongoing TOPOFF exercises is documented in detail, including the 2006 exercise in Connecticut as well as other exercises are documented in detail. The most important facet of the CRS…...

Physiological Effects of Endurance Training
Endurance training produces many physiological changes, both during training and after the training period is complete. These changes are biochemical and also involve changes in the cardio-pulmonary system. The correct way to perform endurance training has been a subject of controversy in recent years. There are many differences in training methods. These differences and the effects of endurance training will be the subject of this research. The jury is still out as to what constitutes the perfect duration and intensity of training program.

Studies have shown that a focused training program can increase maximum oxygen intake by 15-30% over a three-month period (7) and that can increase to 50% if the training is sustained for over 2 years. The body makes many metabolic adaptations as well. These adaptations drop rapidly in the first few weeks after training is stopped (1).

Duration and Intensity of Different Training Programs

There are…...

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References

1. Acevedo EO, Goldfarb AH. Increased training intensity effects on plasma lactate, ventilatory threshold, and endurance. Med and Sci in Sports Exercise, (21), 563-568, 1998

2. Finn, C, Effects of High-Intensity Intermittent Training on Endurance Performance. Sportscience (5)(1), sport sci.org. Jour. 1-3, 2001.

3. Foss M.L., and Keteyian S.J. Fox's Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport. WCB Boston, Mass., McGraw-Hill. 1998.

4. Hawley JA, Myburgh KH, Noakes TD, and Dennis, SC. Training Techniques To Improve Fatigue Resistance And Enhance Endurance Performance. Jour of Sports Sci, (15), 325-333, 1997.

Role of Secondary (Hormone) Messengers in the Process of Metabolism in Cellular Communication
As the primary unit of human living, cells have multi-function tasks that need to be accomplished spontaneously within the body, especially if the body needs to accomplish many tasks and activities at the same time. That is why cells have an elaborate form of communication, which is primarily chemical and biological in nature. The biochemical cellular communication in cells coordinates all tasks that are essential for the survival of the human body. These tasks include cell communication for motion and active transport of substances within the body; biosynthesis, or the production of chemical substances as a result of the biological activities of the cell; cell reproduction, growth, and death; and signal amplification, which is one of the primary phases in the process of cellular communication.

The signal amplification phase, apart from acting as an 'intermediary' phase towards the accomplishment…...

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Bibliography

Cellular Communication." (2002). CSS Web site. Available at  http://saints.css.edu/bio/schroeder/communication.html .

Metabolism." Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2002.

Metabolism." (2003). Biology Pages Web site. Available at http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Metabolism.html.

Some evidence indicates tobacco and alcohol use as predisposing factors for ESCC (Shou et al., 2008, p. 19), but further studies are needed to explore this important question.
A final notable feature of the results is that they indicate widespread agreement on the implication of CDC25 protein and mNA expression levels and subcellular localization in ESCC. Few studies of CDC25 enzymatic function/dysfunction appeared in the search results.

The results of the literature search highlight the importance of the problem of ESCC for two main reasons. First, the results suggest that a substantial amount of research has been done into this major clinical problem, the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in China and a highly lethal form of carcinoma (Dong et al., 2010, p. 82). Second, the results suggest that ESCC could be a good system for studying the molecular basis of cell cycle progression. This is because ESCC involves dysfunction…...

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References

Dong, J., Zeng, B., Xu, L., Wang, J, Li, M., Zeng, M., Liu, W. 2010. Anti-CDC25 autoantibody predicts poor prognosis in patients with advance esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Journal of Translational Medicine, 8, 81-88.

Liu, W., Zhang, G., Wang, J., Cao, J., Guo, X., Xu, L., Li, M., Song, L., Huang, W., Zen, M.

2008. Proteomics-based identification of autoantibody against CDC25B as a novel serum marker in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biochemical and Biophysical Research

Teratology
Define the term Teratology

Teratology refers to the study of abnormal fetal growth. Teratogenic prenatal exposures arise from: infectious agents, chemical and drug agents, metabolic or maternal causes (such as phenylketonuria and diabetes), and physical agents (such as heat, ionizing radiation, and mechanical factors) (Jelinek, 2005). Inbred abnormalities occur commonly, with 2-3% babies, both live and stillborn, as well as aborted fetuses having structural abnormalities. Furthermore, about 10% of infants have internal functional deficits or anomalies which might not be perceptible at birth, and may only surface later on in life. Congenital abnormalities can be categorized into: (1) Malformations, which denote changes in normal growth transpiring from an inherent development-process abnormality; (2) Deformations, which arise due to an irregular mechanical force upon a fetus which is otherwise normal (e.g., clubfoot in an environment of oligohydramnios); and (3) Disruptions, occurring because of disturbance in normal process of growth (for instance, gastroschisis, considered…...

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References

Adam, M.P., Polifka, J.E. & Friedman, J.M. (2011). Evolving knowledge of the teratogenicity of medications in human pregnancy. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 157C:175.

Finnell, R.H. (1999). Teratology: General considerations and principles. J Allergy ClinImmunol.Vol. 103, No. 2. S337-s342

Jelinek, R. (2005). The Contribution of New Findings and Ideas to the Old Principles of Teratology. Reproductive Toxicology 20: 295-300.

Jones, K.L. (August 17, 2005). Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation, Sixth edition Saunders.

Initial product formulation utilizes knowledge acquired from pre-formulation outcomes to derive proper dose, dosage form, and type of administration for the proposed marketed use. A pilot batch of Clinical Trial Materials (CTM) may be produced after the new drug has completed these initial tests.
Upon completion of preclinical testing, the drug sponsor files an Investigational New Drug Application (IND) with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after they have obtained prerequisite approval from the Institutional eview Board (IB). The purpose of the investigation is to assure that the new drug is safe and meets stated objectives for human consumption. Among other things, all formulations must meet FDA Current Good Manufacturing Practice guidelines before human testing can begin. Ordinarily, the FDA has 30 days to respond to the application. After the drug receives this initial approval clinical trials may begin within 30 days.

Clinical trials proceed in four phases, with each…...

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References

Friedhoff, Lawrence, Lawrence T., and M.d. New Drugs: An Insider's Guide to the FDA'New Drug Approval Process for Scientists, Investors and Patients. New York: PSPG Publishing, 2009. Print.

"How Drugs are Developed and Approved." U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Last updated 04/23/2010: Web. 17 Jan 2011. .

Janodia, MD. "Drug Development Process: A Review." Pharmaceutical News 12/25/2007: Web. 17 Jan 2011. .

Mathieu, Mark, and Christopher-Paul Milne. New Drug Development: A Regulatory Overview. 8th. MA: Barnett Educational Services Chi, 2008. Print.

The accident occurred while the actress was taking a skiing lesson. She initial experienced no symptoms from her fall, but later complained of a headache and was taken to a local hospital. Reports indicate that her fall was not very spectacular and occurred at a low speed on a beginner run. She was not wearing a helmet at the time of the accident. (Quinn, 2009)
However, while it is true that sometimes there are no immediately obvious signs of a severe brain injury, at other times there are.

Severe Traumatic Brain njury

The symptoms of a severe traumatic brain injury (which can result in permanent neurological damage) include a number of cognitive problems including inability to concentrate, problems with memory, problems in focusing and paying attention, ability to process new information at a normal rate, a high level of confusion, and perseveration, which is the action of doing something over and over…...

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In describing the course of their patients, experienced clinicians who use HBOT to treat patients with brain injury, cerebral palsy, and stroke refer to improvements that may be ignored in standardized measures of motor and neuro-cognitive dysfunction. These measures do not seem to capture the impact of the changes that clinicians and parents perceive. Caregivers' perceptions should be given more weight in evaluating the significance of objective improvements in a patient's function. Unfortunately, studies have not consistently measured caregiver burden, or have assessed it only by self-report. Studies in which the caregivers' burden was directly observed would provide much stronger evidence than is currently available about treatment outcome. (AHRQ Publication Number 03-E049, 2003)

In other words, this somewhat alternative treatment produces results that are more meaningful to the injured person and his or her caregivers.

I have focused here primarily on the biochemical end of treatments for those with traumatic brain injury because it is this level of treatment that offers the long-term possibility of the greatest level of treatment. Such treatments as are described here have the chance to cure traumatic brain injury. But until these are perfected, every other kind of treatment and therapy -- from drug treatments to speech therapy to the love of friends -- will remain priceless.

Biological and Psychological Basis of Learning and Memory:
The human brain is the core of each function of the body that controls operational learning and memory and the interdependence of each of the concepts. The way with which the brain functions is basically referred to as neural processes that are linked to learning and memory. The link between learning and memory is evident through the fact that learning takes place when memory is stirred while memory is stimulated after the learning process has occurred. Notably, every process that characterizes human activity originates from the brain because it's the center of each functioning part of the body. Actually, Wickens (2005) stated that learning cannot take place without memory though some memories can be inborn such as indispensable reflexes and intuitions (p.260). This implies that the learning process is intricately intertwined with memory through a procedure that is continually transformed and updated throughout…...

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References:

Cherry, K. (n.d.). Memory -- An Overview of Memory. Retrieved February 11, 2013, from  http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/a/memory.htm 

Okano, H., Hirano, T. & Balaban, E. (2000, November 7). Learning and Memory. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(23), 12403-12404. Retrieved from  http://www.pnas.org/content/97/23/12403.full 

Wickens, A.P. (2005). Foundations of biopsychology (2nd ed.). New York, NY:

Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Breaking the Cycle of Addiction
Addiction

Breaking the Addiction Cycle

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the addictions and drug use faced by obert Downey Jr., and discusses the effects these abuses had on Downey Jr. And his career. The paper will also analyze alternative courses Downey could have taken, and propose potential advice for Jr.

obert Downey Jr. purportedly began using drugs at just eight years old, when his father began dispersing drugs to the child. This is not uncommon among young child stars that face much pressure and often grow up in homes where drug abuse and addictions are common. It was not until the age of 22 however, that Downey would first enter a drug rehabilitation facility for cocaine and heroin abuse. Many of his first films during this time, approximately during the late 80s and early 90s won much acclaim, even Academy Award nominations. During the late 90s…...

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References:

"Biography for Robert Downey Jr." 2011. Retrieved:

 http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000375/bio 

Deans, D.A. 1997. "Drug addiction." California State University, Northridge Retrieved:

 http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/students/drugs.htm

ole of Spirituality in the Treatment of Depression
Over the last thirty years, one of the most interesting paradoxes in the study and treatment of depression has been that increased knowledge about the biomedical and genetic causes of the disease has been coupled with a renewed interest in the effect of religion and spirituality on human mental health and well-being. No matter how religion and spirituality are defined -- and many scholars and laypersons see no great distinctions between the two -- there are now hundreds of studies that demonstrate the beneficial effects of religion on both mental and physical health. Indeed, the more firmly held and intrinsic a person's religious convictions are, the more salutary the effect. eligious people are more optimistic, hopeful and trusting, and have more purpose and meaning in life than those with weak or no religious views. All of these qualities are of course lacking in…...

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REFERENCE LIST

Ai, A..L. et al. (2005). "Prayer Coping, Positive Attitudes, and Cardiac Surgery" in Lee, A.V. Coping with Disease. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., pp. 23-64.

Auer, B. And J.A. Ang (2007). Torment of the Soul: Suicidal Depression and Spirituality. AuthorHouse.

Beck, A.T. And B.A. Alford (2009). Depression: Causes and Treatment. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Biebel, D.B. And H.G. Koenig (2010). New Light on Depression: Help, Hope and Answers for the Depressed and Those Who Love Them. Zondervan Publishing House.

Essay Topics on Codiaeum Variegatum

1. The Ornamental Potential of Codiaeum Variegatum in Tropical Landscapes

Discuss the diverse leaf shapes, colors, and patterns of Codiaeum variegatum.
Examine its adaptability to various climates and soil conditions.
Explore its architectural and aesthetic uses in gardens and public spaces.
Analyze the role of cultivation techniques in enhancing its ornamental value.

2. The Physiology and Genetics of Leaf Coloration in Codiaeum Variegatum

Describe the physiological and biochemical processes responsible for the production of leaf pigments.
Examine the genetic basis for the wide range of leaf color variations.
Discuss the potential for genetic manipulation to create novel....

Essay Topics on Codiaeum Variegatum

1. The Biology of Codiaeum Variegatum

Taxonomy and phylogeny of Codiaeum variegatum
Morphology and anatomy of the plant
Photosynthesis and metabolism in Codiaeum variegatum
Environmental factors influencing growth and development

2. The Cultivation and Applications of Codiaeum Variegatum

Propagation techniques for Codiaeum variegatum
Cultural practices for optimal growth and foliage display
Landscaping applications of Codiaeum variegatum
Traditional and medicinal uses of Codiaeum variegatum

3. The Genetic Diversity and Variation in Codiaeum Variegatum

Natural variation and genetic diversity within Codiaeum variegatum
Breeding and selection techniques for new cultivars
Conservation and preservation of Codiaeum variegatum genetic resources

4. The Physiological and....

Ornamental and Cultural Significance of Codiaeum Variegatum

Exploring the diverse colors, patterns, and cultivars of Codiaeum variegatum, and their aesthetic and cultural significance in different regions.
The role of Codiaeum variegatum in traditional and contemporary horticulture, including its use in landscaping, interior design, and botanical gardens.

Environmental Impacts and Sustainability

The ecological effects of Codiaeum variegatum on local ecosystems, considering its invasive potential and impact on native species.
Sustainable practices for cultivating Codiaeum variegatum, including responsible propagation, soil management, and pest control techniques.
The potential of Codiaeum variegatum to contribute to urban greening and biodiversity conservation efforts.

Botanical and Genetic Studies

Investigating....

Introduction:
Burkholderia cepacia is a Gram-negative bacterium that is often found in soil and water environments. It is considered an opportunistic pathogen that can cause infections in individuals with compromised immune systems, particularly those with cystic fibrosis. In recent years, there has been growing concern about the presence of B. cepacia in pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities, as it has the potential to contaminate products and pose a risk to public health.
Literature Review:
Several studies have been conducted to investigate the presence of B. cepacia in potable and purified water sources within pharmaceutical companies. In a study conducted by Santos et al. (2018), water....