Cell Metabolism
Define metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism in full details
The cell is a complex organisms in which many chemical reaction take place so as to maintain normal cellular function. Cell metabolism can be defined as the process through which cells manufacture ATP which provides energy to the cells. Cells have evolved to form highly efficient metabolic mechanisms which differ depending on the cell. Aerobic respiration is responsible for cellular energy needs in animals while photosynthesis is the energy source for plants. The biochemical processes taking place in a cell are influenced by enzymes. Enzymes are catalysts made of proteins and they speed up the reactions in the cells (Porth, Carol & Carol, 2011).
Anabolism and catabolism comprise the two sets of chemical reactions that make up metabolism. During Anabolism, the cells of living organisms synthesize complex molecules from simple molecules through the use of energy. The main aim of anabolic reactions is…...
mlaBibliography
Calladine, C.R. (2008). Understanding DNA the molecule & how it works. Amsterdam [etc.], Elsevier Academic Press.
Engel, P.C. (2009). Pain-free biochemistry an essential guide for the health sciences. Chichester, UK, Wiley-Blackwell.
Garrett, R., & Grisham, C.M. (2010). Biochemistry. Belmont, CA, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
Hartl, Daniel L. (2011). Essential genetics: a genomics perspective. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Cell Junctions - Tight Junctions and Adherens Junctions
There are a number of specialized junctional complexes in epithelial cells, formed by molecules that are different from CAMs and SAMs. These comprise of tight junctions, gap junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes; gap junctions can in addition form stuck between cell aggregates in condensing mesenchyme. All of these are well-formed and sometimes elaborate supramolecular structures carrying out various functions, ranging from electrical and chemical cell-cell message (gap junctions) to sealing apical surfaces of epithelia (tight junctions) or linking defined regions of cell-cell contact with cytoskeletal elements (adherens junctions, desmosomes). We will regard these structures in order, paying nearly all attention to their possible functions in embryogenesis and morphogenesis.
Gap Junctions
These are comprised from oligomeric membrane protein subunits that unite in defined structures (connexons). Connexons interrelate throughout the space stuck between apposed cells and allow straight pathways (channels) for communication from cell to cell via…...
mlaReferences
Alejandro, V.S.,W. J. Nelson, P. Huie, R.K. Sibley, D. Dafoe, P. Kuo, J.D. Scandling, Jr., and B.D. Myers. (1995) Postischemic injury, delayed function and Na/K-ATPase distribution in the transplanted kidney. Kidney Int. 48: 1308 -- 1315.
Anderson, J.M., and C.M. Van Itallie. (1995) Tight junctions and the molecular basis for regulation of paracellular permeability. Am. J. Physiol. 269 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 32): G467 -- G475.
Babbin BA, Sasaki M, Gerner-Schmidt KW, Nusrat A, Klapproth JM. (2009). The bacterial virulence factor lympho-statin compromises intestinal epithelial barrier function by modulating rho GTPases. Am J. Pathol 174:1347-1357.
Bacallao, R., A. Garfinkel, S. Monke, G. Zampighi, and L.J. Mandel. (1994) ATP depletion: a novel method to study junctional properties in epithelial tissues. I. Rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. J Cell Sci. 107: 3301 -- 3313.
Enzymes
1. How does temperature affect enzyme function?
Every enzyme demonstrates maximum activity at a particular temperature known as its optimum temperature. Generally, all enzymes are inactivated at temperatures below 10°C and get denatured (lose its three-dimensional protein nature) above its optimum temperature (Seager & Slabaugh 2010).
Experiments conclude that enzyme activity increases by almost ten percent coupled to each degree rise in temperature until it reaches its optimum state and declines beyond it as they start denaturing (Seager & Slabaugh 2010).
2. Do plants and animals have an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide? How could you test this?
The process of converting toxic hydrogen peroxide into harmless substances occurs at a very slow rate; therefore, both plants and animals have enzymes to catalyze it. Catalase is an enzyme that is present in animal cells; however, plants possess enzyme peroxidase to carry out this decomposition (Seager & Slabaugh 2010).
It can be tested by mixing…...
mlaBalloon diameter is directly related to the temperature. As increase in temperature causes expansion of gas molecules, therefore, the volume and thus the diameter of balloon also increases (Seager & Slabaugh 2010).
7. Do you expect more enzyme activity if the substrate concentration is increased or decreased? Draw a graph to illustrate this relationship.
With an increase in substrate concentration, enzyme activity will significantly increase at initial values. However, as the active sites of enzymes get occupied by substrate molecules, the rate of reaction will not remain dependent prominently on the amount of substrate as then substrate molecules have to queue
Cell Phones Should Be Banned
In the contemporary era, cell phones have turned out to be one of the most essential every day requirements. There was a time when possessing a cell phone was regarded a luxurious thing. However, in the present times, it has become really common to own a cell phone. It is not an untold secret that children, especially the teenagers, are using the cell phones just like adults. They use their cell phones to do almost everything. Not only are cell phones used to stay in contact with friends and family, they are also used for watching videos, text-messaging, playing games and listening music. Cell phones that have cameras are also used for taking pictures that are later shared with friends. The introduction of smartphones such as Blackberrys and iPhones has allowed them to connect with their friends around the clock on Facebook. In addition, cell phones…...
mlaReferences
Obringer, S.J., & Coffey, K. "Cell Phones in American High Schools: A National Survey." Journal of Technology Studies 33.1 (2007): 41. Print.
Rover, D.T.. "Closing the Distance."Journal of Engineering Education 95.2 (2006): 175+. Print.
Sturgeon, J. "Talkin' Up a Storm: The Debate over Integrating Cell Phones into Instruction Rages: Do Potential Security Risks and Classroom Disruptions Negate the Promise of Academic Gains? A North Carolina Pilot Program May Soon Have the Answer." THE Journal (Technological Horizons In Education) 34.11 (2007): 16+.Questia. Web. 31 July 2013. .
The industry has had many players, but the top one that has emerged have had to play smart to get to the top. In today's world with the increasing need for faster and effective mode of communication, the cell phone has become an essential. The market has also grown incredibly over the year Gregory ()
. The competition is extremely stiff since the products serve the similar purposes. Product differentiation has therefore become a strong marketing strategy with the company with the highly differentiated products taking the lead. This explains why it has been difficult for any company to maintain complete dominance in the industry. For instance, Nokia which has been dominant for more than a decade it is now slowly losing its dominance to Samsung. On the hand, Samsung is facing a stiff competition from Apple Company in the Smartphone area.
orks Cited
http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketing-tools/latest-mobile-stats>"Global Mobile Statistics 2012: All Quality Mobile Marketing…...
mlaWorks Cited
Mobile Statistics 2012: All Quality Mobile Marketing Research, Mobile Web Stats, Subscribers, Ad Revenue, Usage, Trends.." 2012. February. 2012. http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketing-tools/latest-mobile-stats >"Global
Cell Phone and the Brain
Cell phone usage has become part of daily life for many Americans. As with any new technology, health risks associated with cell phones are not always apparent and take time to surface. As popularity of this technology increases, so does the research surrounding this topic. One concern leading to an increase in research surrounding this topic is the amount of radiation emitted by a mobile device. This radiation is known as radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (F-EMW) (Agarwal, 2009). According to Agarwal (2009), cell phone companies claim this radiation safe, yet numerous studies on both animals and humans have shown cause for concern. Areas for concern include, but are not limited to, change in cognitive ability and even tumors (Agarwal, 2009; Hardell, 2006). Although federal regulations limit the amount of radiation emitted by one device, studies remain inconclusive as to the safety of these devices at even levels…...
mlaReferences
Agarwal, A. (2009). Cell phones: Modern man's nemesis? Reproductive Biomedicine Online 18(1), 148-157.
Betts, K.S. (2010). First combined analysis from INTERPHONE inconclusive. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(7), A290-A291.
Cell Phone Use- Is it Safe? An Interview with Devra Lee Davis, PhD, MPH. (2011). Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 17(4), 202-205.
Hardell, L.M. (2006). Tumour risk associated with use of cellular telephones or cordless desktop phones. World Journal of Surgical Oncology 4(74) .
Also, there will be an availability of high quality audio and video that will render mobile phone a portable entertainment centre (Team Digit 2006).
An operating system (OS) is the computer program which translates user input into instructions for the hardware components of a computer or other www.mahalo.comtechnological device. An OS provides a graphical interface through which a user can manage file systems, maintain hardware and install additional programs. At least, three mobile phone operating systems are widely used nowadays. They are Microsoft Windows Mobile, Symbian OS and the Palm OS. Windows Mobile is Microsoft's operating system for mobile devices which include PDAs, Smartphones, palm and pocket PCs, and automobiles and due to its widespread use, Windows Mobile can be found on nearly every major Internet-connected device.
On the other hand, Symbian OS is an operating system specifically designed to be implemented in smartphones. Although the operating system is developed and…...
mlaReference List
Miceli, a. (2003) Wireless Technician's handbook. Norwood, Massachusetts: Artech
House Inc.
Mishra, a.R. (2004). Fundamentals of Cellular Networking Planning and Optimization.
West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
"The initial response to acute inflammation includes a rapid drop in numbers of circulating eosinophils, a rapid accumulation of eosinophils at the periphery of the inflammation site and an inhibition of egress of eosinophils from the bone marrow" (Bass, 1976, p.870).
Basophils- Basophils are one of the least common granulocytes and they make their appearance during certain inflammation, especially those that deal will allergies. They have two main functions during inflammation. The heparin substance found in basophils reduces blood clotting while vasodilator histamine in basophils increases blood flow to the tissues and organs.
Neutrophils -- Neutrophils are the most common white blood cells found in the human body and they are present in large numbers at the site of an inflammation. It produces destructive oxidizing agents that can convert dioxygen into hydrogen peroxide and in the process, they kill the bacteria or fungi that is causing the inflammation. They are a…...
mlaReferences
Pokorski, P.L. No date. Cell Injury and Cell Death. University of Michigan-Dearborn
Department of Natural Sciences Medical and Environmental Toxicology. Available at: . [Accessed April 29, 2011].http://www.umd.umich.edu/casl/natsci/bio/B452-552W06/cellinjury.pdf
Cobb, J.P; Hotchkiss, R.S; Karl, I.E; Buchman, T.G. 1996. Mechanisms of Cell Injury and Death. British Journal of Anesthesia. Vol 77, pp3-10.
McCance, Kathryn L.; Huether, Sue E. 2010. Pathophysiology. The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children 5th Edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby.
All of these aspects increased the usage levels and acceptance of cell phones.
Third generation or 3G technology refers essentially to the most recent technological innovations in cell phone technology. A distinction should be made however, in that 3G does not refer to a standard in cell phone development but rather to a number of requirements that networks and providers follow. (hat is the History of Cell Phones?) the two main requirements for 3G are that they include 2 Megabits of maximum data rate indoors and 384 kbits for outdoor use. (hat is the History of Cell Phones?)
The most important aspect of 3G technology is that it allows for the input of much more than the conventional data on 2G cell phones. This aspect has made mobile phones popular and leads to aspects of modern convergence between different communications technologies. In this regard, one can mention the SMS revolution in…...
mlaWorks Cited billion mobile phones by 2008. March 6, 2008. http://www.mobiletracker.net/archives/2004/02/12/2_billion_mobil.php
Trillion Mobile Messages in 2008. March 6, 2008. http://mybroadband.co.za/news/Cellular/2283.html
Bellis, Mary. Selling the Cell Phone Part 2: Wireless PCS. March 6, 2008.
Technology http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa072199.htm
Global Mobile Forecasts to 2010-4th Edition. March 6, 2008. http://shop.telecoms.com/marlin/30000000861/MARKT_EFFORT/marketingid/20001163820/?proceed=true&MarEntityId=1204405387891&entHash=1005eae29a1&UType=true
In 2002, researchers partnered with the cell phone industry to conduct significant scientific studies on the health risks of cell phones. The FDA supported many studies in response to public concerns that radiation from cell phones may pose health risks. The contract between the FDA and the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) allows the FDA to select scientists and oversee the projects, while the CTIA provides funding. Both entities were adamant that the cellular industry should not influence the research.
Solutions
Because cellular communication is a relatively new innovation, health experts are divided on the reliability of the most recent conclusions drawn by researchers. Still, while most current studies are inconclusive, many recommend precautions. The FDA suggests separating the body and antenna as possible (Yi, 2001). Shin recommends using phones with less radiation. "Of the test results I have come across, the Ericsson T20 line has had poor results in terms…...
mlaReferences
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA). (1990). An Evaluation of the Potential Carcinogenicity of Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs). Retrieved from the Internet at http://www.microwavenews.com/epa.html .
Medscape. (June 31, 2000). "Scientific Progress - Wireless Phones and Brain Cancer: Current State of the Science. Retrieved from the Internet at:
George Carlo and Martin Schram. (2002). Cell Phones: Invisible Hazards in the Wireless Age: An Insider's Alarming Discoveries about Cancer and Genetic Damage," Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN: 078670960X.
Virtually any observation of people in public would reveal two very distinctive styles of cell phone use. There is one category of user who seems to make every possible effort to conduct cell phone conversations discretely and without unnecessarily broadcasting the content of their conversations to strangers.
Unfortunately, there seems to be a much greater preponderance of the second category of user: those who seem to do the exact opposite, speaking in inappropriately loud voices and (typically) especially in connection with any topic or theme that might be considered impressive to others or inspire envy in them. However, there is one particular aspect of cell phone use, overuse, and addiction that actually presents a verifiable public danger whose importance goes far beyond social politeness or consideration: namely, cell phone use while driving.
Cell Phones and Driving
Cell phone use has been empirically demonstrated to increase the chances of vehicular accidents as much…...
mlaReferences
Bulzomi, M.J. "Search Incident to Arrest in the Age of Personal Electronics." FBI Law
Enforcement Bulletin; Sept 2007, Vol. 76 No.9.
Corbett, S. "Can the Cellphone Help End Global Poverty?" The New York
Times
As Gale (1986) notes: "There is a silent enemy lurking there."
eferences http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5005377616
Alarm Grows over Mobile Phone Cancer Connection." The Daily Mail (London, England) 3 June 1996: 23.
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Booker, Susan M. "NTP May Test Cell Phones." Environmental Health Perspectives 108.8 (2000).
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Brown, Carolyn M. "Bad for Your Health." Black Enterprise Mar. 2000: 59.
Cooley, Mason. (1988). City Aphorisms, Fifth Selection, New York. The Columbia World of Quotations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. http://www.bartleby.com/66/71/13571.html.[02 December 2006].
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Dees, Craig. "adiation and Life." World and I June 2000: 166.
Gale, obert Peter, (1986). Time 23 Jun 86. Simpson, James B., comp. Simpson's Contemporary Quotations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988. www.bartleby.com/63/25/3125.html." http://www.bartleby.com/63/25/3125.html.[02 December 2006].
Holmes, Oliver Wendell. Sr. (1872/1996). The Poet at the Breakfast-Table, Chapter 10 (1872). The Columbia World of Quotations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. http://www.bartleby.com/66/85/28785.html.[02 December 2006].
How Cell-phone adiation Works." (2006). http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell-phoneradiation1.htm.
[2 December 2006]. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002372558
Nordenberg, Tamar. "CELL PHONES & Brain Cancer No Clear…...
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Alarm Grows over Mobile Phone Cancer Connection." The Daily Mail (London, England) 3 June 1996: 23.
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Booker, Susan M. "NTP May Test Cell Phones." Environmental Health Perspectives 108.8 (2000).
A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001169992
Cell Phones for Outside Salesman
Proposal Letter
Dear Sir:
The objective of this letter is to propose that our pharmaceutical sales team be brought into the twenty first century by becoming equipped with company sponsored cell phones. The initiative will meet the company's high standards of ethics and integrity and would increase our ability to meet the responsibility we have to our customers, their families, our employees, the environment and to the societies we serve on a global scale. Our responsibilities deem that we do not take professional or ethical shortcuts and our interaction with society must reflect these extremely high standards that we profess. This initiative would certainly help our sales team eliminate shortcuts by allowing them to be fully integrated into our organization's web of communications and thus keeping the sales team fully abreast of all company communications.
Our organization should remain concerned with our sales teams' ability to work in this…...
, 2006). The authors used "meta-analytic" techniques in this research; twenty-three studies were fed into the meta-analysis strategies and the outcome indicates that there are "clear costs" associated with driving and speaking on a cell phone simultaneously. The biggest "cost" (to driver safety) found through these analyses was "reaction time"; to a lesser degree, lane-keeping performance also carries with it a "cost" when using a cell phone and driving simultaneously.
hat is a meta-analysis? This is a strategy that takes a number of studies that address a single hypothesis (for example, driving and talking on cell phones is not safe) and combines those studies "to provide a single estimate of the reliability and magnitude of the effect supporting (or refuting) that hypothesis" (Horrey, p. 197). The positive part of using meta-analysis, the authors explain, is that it allows researchers to combine data from "separate experiments that may have differences in sample…...
mlaWorks Cited
Hafner, Katie. "Texting May Be Taking a Toll." The New York Times. Retrieved June
9, 2009, from http://www.nytimes.com .
Hannan, Larry. "Florida, Georgia have yet to ban texting, talking on cell phone while
Driving." News/Jacksonville. 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2009, from http://jacksonville.com .
These two cases were examined at two discount rates (5% and 10%) which generated four permutations in total. More specifically, the basic outputs for the analysis relied upon four Kaldor-Hicks Tableaus (representing two impact cases and two discount rates), as indicated in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. Aggregated net-benefits are represented in the lower right-hand bottom cell and the rest of the tableau illustrates the manner in which each of the major stakeholders is affected according to the statistical analysis.
Fundamental assumptions included the following specific types of economic benefits and costs associated with the proposal:
Benefits -- prevention of consequences of vehicular accidents caused by cell phone use, prevented loss of human life, prevented medical costs necessitated to treat accident victims, prevention of property damage, prevention of lost work productivity, prevention of lost wages, and prevention of court costs necessary to administrate justice after the fact.
Costs -- Lost consumer…...
mlaReferences
Cohen, J.T. And J. Graham (2003). A Revised Economic Analysis of Restrictions
on the Use of Cell Phones While Driving. Risk Analysis 23(1): 5-17.
Hahn, R.W., & Tetlock, P.C. (1999). The economics of regulating cellular phones in vehicles. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies.
Hennessy, D.A.
PubMed is a great place to search for sources on healthcare. Other good choices include sites for Universities that have medical programs and sites for state governments. IntelligentHospitalToday.com has healthcare articles, as well. Also consider WorkcareGroup.com, as they have healthcare articles, too. Journals and textbooks can be excellent choices for information on the continuum of healthcare. If you have access to a large library, you can find information that shows how the continuum has evolved over time, and how that helps providers avoid duplication. Example papers will be more difficult to find than sources, but you can order an example paper....
We would start this essay by looking at the Department of State’s list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Looking at that list is a great way to identify transnational terrorist groups. Working from those groups, you could the identify a transnational group that is linked to a domestic terrorist group. The County Reports on Terrorism also reveal how international terrorist groups work and can provide some insight into their ties to domestic organizations. Working this way may be important for the integrity of your research because the designation of groups as domestic terrorist groups changed....
What an excellent question! In fact, one of the things we encourage students to do is make sure that they understand what an assignment is asking them to do before tackling the assignment. A critical review is an analysis of material that you are exploring, which involves you examining its strengths and weaknesses and putting those together in a cohesive argument about the merits and deficits of the material as a whole.
Critical reviews can be used in almost any area of academic study, though the approach for a critical review will vary according to the subject and....
In our opinion, at this time the most pressing challenge faced by school leaders is safely continuing with student education while also managing the risk of disease posed to people by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Many school districts immediately scrambled to get technology into place to support distance-learning, but quickly found that while the technology is important for delivery of classroom materials, the technology is only a tool in the hands of educators. Educators need to be able to teach using the technology, and, if they are unable to do so, they put their students at a disadvantage.
Moving forward,....
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