This paper reviews peer-reviewed literature on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and, more specifically, graphene-based optical SPR for bio-sensing applications. It examines the fundamental optical principles underlying SPR biosensors, including surface plasmon polariton waves, attenuated total reflection methods, and localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in metallic nanoparticles. The review highlights how graphene's unique optical and electronic properties enhance biosensor sensitivity, improve detection accuracy, and enable atomic-scale nanoplasmonic applications. Key studies are discussed concerning chalcogenide glass biosensors, graphene-on-gold and graphene-on-silver sensing configurations, and the broader implications of plasmonics for cancer treatment, miniaturized lasers, and faster computer processing.
Although light waves move across a surface, electrons do not travel far — much like when fans in a stadium do "the wave." In that case, the fans are recreating the same type of phenomenon that takes place when light is oscillated to create surface plasmon resonance. The field of plasmonics has become increasingly important for researchers seeking improved cancer treatments, faster computer processors, and even plasmonics-based lasers. This paper provides a review of relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning surface plasmon resonance in general and graphene-based optical surface plasmon resonance for bio-sensing applications in particular.
Just over a decade old, the field of plasmonics emerged in 2001 and has since become the focus of a growing amount of interest from scientists and engineers, as researchers continue to develop innovative tools and techniques capable of creating nanosized structures that can guide and shape light-and-electron waves (Lee, 2009). According to Lee (2009), the field of plasmonics is expected to produce further innovations in miniaturized lasers, more efficacious treatments for cancer, and even faster processing speeds for computers. As a result, the burgeoning field of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technologies has attracted growing interest from researchers based on its reliability and high performance compared to existing sensing techniques (Maharana & Jha, 2012). According to Maharana and Jha (2012), ever since SPR was first used for gas sensing purposes, surface plasmon resonance sensing methods have been applied to a wide range of industrial settings, especially for biochemical detection. In addition, a growing number of researchers are investigating other applications for SPR-based sensors (Maharana & Jha, 2012).
The optical phenomenon upon which the SPR sensing principle is based is attributable to p-polarized light beams exciting charges of density oscillation when they achieve a certain resonance condition, which creates a surface plasmon wave (SPW) that propagates along the metal–dielectric interface (Maharana & Jha, 2012).
According to Wu, Chu, Koh, and Li (2010), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are optical sensors that employ surface plasmon polariton waves in order to investigate the interactions that occur between biomolecules and the sensor surface. These researchers explain that surface plasmon polaritons are perpendicularly confined electromagnetic waves capable of propagating along the interface between a metal and a dielectric, or sensing medium (Wu et al., 2010). Any changes in the concentration of biomolecules generate concomitant localized changes in the refractive index near the metal surface in the sensing medium (Wu et al., 2010). In turn, the refractive index change produces corresponding changes in the propagation constant of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) that can be measured optically using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) method (Wu et al., 2010).
In recent years, researchers have also investigated the non-reciprocal behavior associated with the attenuated total reflection method for multi-layered dielectric and magnetic structures, determining that non-reciprocal behaviors produced by ATR have potential for semi-infinite magnetic materials (Fal & Camley, 2011).
A study by Maharana and Jha (2012) analyzed the unique optical properties of chalcogenide glass and graphene to design a high-performance affinity biosensor. According to Maharana and Jha (2012, p. 161), in situations where graphene has been introduced, the sensitivity of the biosensor's performance has been increased by 100% as a result of the superior detection provided by chalcogenide glass compared to silica glass. In addition, the sensor proposed by Maharana and Jha (2012) achieved a detection accuracy fully sixteen times more sensitive when compared to other techniques for measuring visible light. In this regard, Maharana and Jha (2012) report success in optimizing adequate values for crucial design parameters to achieve superior broad-wavelength-range sensing performance.
Graphene has attracted particular attention in this context because of its extraordinary electronic and optical properties. When graphene is deposited on sensing surfaces, it substantially alters the local dielectric environment, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of SPR-based measurements in ways that conventional metal-only configurations cannot achieve.
"LSPRs in nanoparticles and graphene sensing potential"
"Multilayer graphene on gold and silver improves imaging"
The research showed that surface plasmons are collective oscillations of free electrons that are capable of propagating along a thin metal film when the film is in contact with a dielectric interface. The research also showed that graphene has significant potential for use in sensing applications, but that additional research is needed to optimize the supporting technologies. In sum, surface plasmon resonance represents the cutting edge of nanotechnologies that are providing researchers with new tools in the search for improved computer processing speed, innovations in healthcare technologies, and even miniaturized lasers. In the final analysis, surface plasmon resonance makes it possible to identify even very minute changes in subwavelength dielectric layers that are attached to nanoparticles in ways that have never been possible before.
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