At the Poles, the Sun circles around the horizon forever. At the Equator, it rises vertically at the East point on the horizon, passes directly overhead, and then sets vertically at the West point on the horizon (Seligman). These same mechanics should apply for other solar and planetary systems as well.
As an example, the seasons on the other planets in our solar system compare to the seasons on the Earth. Planets, such as Mercury, Venus and Jupiter, which have a tilt near zero or 180 degrees, so that their axis of rotation is perpendicular to their orbit, have no seasons. Planets, such as Mars, Saturn and Neptune, which have a tilt similar to that of the Earth, have seasons similar to the Earth (although all three of those planets, being further from the Sun, have longer seasons, and colder ones, than the Earth). Planets, such as Uranus and Pluto,…...

Libguide to Planets: A Concise Look at the Solar System and Its Constituent Elements
This libguide provides a comprehensive listing of peer-reviewed, scholarly and non-reference material including fiction, non-fiction, poetry, folklore, audio, video, and other teacher resources.

INTENDED ADIENCE:

The intended audience for this libguide is educators, but parents and older students will find the content useful as well.

SCOPE:

The scope of this libguide is limited to the known solar system.

A GIDE TO THE PLANETS:

Peer-Reviewed and Scholarly References

Bennett, J. (2011). Beyond FOs: The search for extraterrestrial life and its astonishing implications for our future. Princeton, NJ: Princeton niversity Press.

This book contains a useful description of the inner and outer planets and how they are believed to have been formed. An entertaining discussion concerning life on Earth and the potential for life elsewhere in the solar system is followed by a discussion of potential learning opportunities concerning the search for life. Several outside resources for…...

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Understanding planets in folklore-- www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol16/planets.pdf?.

What lurks in the outer solar system? -- http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast13sep_1.htm 

World Book at NASA: Pluto-www.nasa.gov/worldbook/pluto_worldbook.html.

Extra-Solar Planets
The word planet means "wanderer" in Greek. It derives from the fact that planets within our solar system seem generally to wander eastward about the so-called fixed stars across the zodiac constellations (Kolb). There is no clear consensus precisely defining what constitutes a planet, as distinguished from brown dwarfs, which are the material remnants of burned out ancient stars whose masses where too small to form white dwarfs or collapse completely, forming black holes in the manner that stars much larger than ten solar masses, or ten times the mass of our sun

Hawking).

Generally, planets are defined as a body that emits no light or other energy of its own, but orbits a star, reflecting its light. A more technical definition of a planet relies on its size relative to the mass of Jupiter or "Mjup's." According to this description, a planet is larger than Pluto and smaller than thirteen…...

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Works Cited

Butler, R. Paul, et al. "Three New 51 Pegasi-Type Planets." Astrophysical Journal

1997): 474; 115-118

Davies, Paul. Are We Alone? Philosophical Implications of the Discovery of Extraterrestrial Life. New York: Basic Books, 1995.

Engelbert, Phillis and Dupuis, Diane, L. The Handy Space Answer Book.

life form found on Mars would be like. Mars is the fourth planet from the sun, while Earth is the third, so the planets are relatively close neighbors. However, the environments on these two planets are extremely diverse. Earth is a planet where life has evolved, while Mars is a barren planet devoid of life. However, if life could survive there, it would be extremely different from what we are used to here on Earth.
First of all, Mars has an atmosphere, like Earth does, but the Mars atmosphere is at least 100 times less dense than Earth's atmosphere. That means that the Martian atmosphere is not as protective as Earth's atmosphere, and that more of the sun's rays and radiation reach the planet. Mars does have enough atmosphere to create weather systems like clouds and winds, just like Earth, however (Squyres). Mars is colder than Earth because it is…...

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References

Caplinger, Eric. "Life on Mars." Malin Space Science Systems. 1996. 5 Oct. 2009.

.

Squyres, Steven W. "Mars." World Book at NASA. 2004. 5 Oct. 2009.

Williams, David. R. "Evidence of Ancient Martian Life in Meteorite ALH84001?" Nasa.gov. 2003. 5 Oct. 2009.

hile hard facts, such as Venus' circumference, diameter, and distance from the sun are relatively easy to determine, historical and future implications of the planet and its study are not as simple to calculate. Two of the most important facts that we don't yet know about the planet Venus are the significance of its historical positioning and its implications for earth's atmospheric problems.
According to Ev Cochrane's study into the ancient solar system, the regularity with which the system now moves around the sun is a "recent development." In the ancient world, instead, Cochrane suggests that observers noted a different type of solar system. The discrepancies between the two solar systems has largely to do with the planet Venus. According to Cochrane, Venus' movement into its current orbit was recent, and this movement created solar side effects that may be important to the current development of the solar system. hile…...

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Works Cited

Cochrane, Ev. "The Many Faces of Venus: The Planet Venus in Ancient Myth and Religion." n.d. Aeon Journal. 12 August 2008. Aeon Journal.  http://www.aeonjournal.com/venus.htm .

Japan Plans 2007 Mission to Venus." 2 May 2001. NASA. 12 August 2008. NASA. http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/news/expandnews.cfm?id=805.

Missions to Venus." 2008. The Planetary Society. 12 August 2008. The Planetary

Society.  http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/venus/missions.html .

Planet of the Apes is a very moving rendition of theme of brutality of slavery and the damaging consequences of the man's self-destruction. Particularly the last scene where the statue of liberty is shown is very heart rending and neatly depicts the height of mans madness who is the only creature on the planet to destroy himself. Unlike other science fiction movies this film is rich in social implications. Overall the movie is about the voyage of astronauts who travel in space exploring the cosmos. They end up on a strange planet inhabited by apes. The three astronauts think that they are some 300 light years away from earth but only later on in the last scene it is revealed that they are back on mother earth but to our utter shock and disbelief the planet is not the same anymore. Uncontrolled selfish warfare has led to the total destruction…...

Planet of the apes series is one of the most successful series in American cinematic history. Product of the anti-Vietnam War sentiment, open racial tension, the War on Poverty, fear of nuclear war and lingering Cold War anti-USSR passions, the first 5 films in the series were also based on knowledge of and research about apes up to and including the 1960's and 1970's. Rise of the planet of the apes was released 38 years later and placed its emphasis squarely on apes as a valuable subject rather than a symbol.
Development of the Planet of the Apes Series up to and Including Rise of the Planet of the Apes in Historical Context

Planet of the Apes

Planet of the apes (Schaffner, 1968), is the first in the film series. In the film, 4 astronauts travel to and crash on a strange planet. Prior to the crash, Stewart, the white female crew…...

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Beneath the Planet of the Apes

Beneath the planet of the apes (Post, 1970), the first sequel to Planet of the apes, shares the historical context of the first film and was propelled by the added impetus of the first film's financial success (Greene, 1999, p. 48b). Based on the story by Mort Abrahams and Paul Dehn, Paul Dehn wrote the screenplay for Beneath the planet of the apes (Greene, 1999, p. 22). In this film, a white astronaut named John Brent has been sent to find Taylor. Brent's ship crashes onto the same planet and Brent finds Nova alone in the desert. Brent and Nova are both captured by the apes but escape, travel to the Forbidden Zone and find Taylor in Manhattan, which is now a bombed-out underground city. Taylor is being held hostage by radiation-induced mutants who communicate by mental telepathy and worship an atomic bomb as God's instrument. A gorilla army led by General Ursus invades the city and shoots Taylor. Taylor's final act is detonation of the atomic bomb, which destroys the entire planet.

Still following the controversial topics of the 1960's - distinct anti-Vietnam War sentiment, open racial

The intent or purpose of this book was originally intended to be a science fiction written to meet a bet, but it ended up being the first book in a trilogy with the theme of describing how pitiful human beings are and how far from our original purpose on the earth - that is to tend it and make it plentiful, and to care for one another. C.S. Lewis was a Christian and this Christian theme permeates all of his novels. The theme of the book is that earth is seen by inhabitants of another planet as being valuable, but the humans are a problem when they think of inhabiting our planet. Oyarsa may be an angel and seems to care for the earth and sends Ransom back with a mission to make the earth better. This theme of bettering the planet Earth is the main one, plus Lewis has…...

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Works Cited

Lewis, C.S. Out of the Silent Planet. New York: Scribner. 1 Jun 1996.

g. volcanoes, etc.), but not on schedule; 3) Just because something is plausible does not make it true. The events on popular television series like Star Trek or Star Wars are not only plausible, but have scientific merit. That does not make them true, only possible (Kraus, 2007; Cavelos, 2000); 4) Conspiracy theories abound in numerous genres and surrounding numerous events. Examination of Marshalls' prose and "science," while seemingly credible does try to sell a product and only hints and speculates at facts without peer-reviewed data sources (Yowcrooks, 2009). While positive in tone, it also appears that if one believes conspiracy theories, most of us have only 133 weeks to live; or simply turn the calendar to a new page?
EFEENCES

Cavelos, J. (2000). The Science of Star Wars. New York: St. Martins.

"Exposing the Crooks Behind the Myth" (2009). Yowcrooks.blogspot.com. Cited in:

http://yowcrooks.blogspot.com/2008/11/more-dirt-on-marshall-masters-of.html

Gore, Al. (2009). "An Inconvenient Truth." Cited in: http://www.climatecrisis.net.

Heiser, M. (2004).…...

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REFERENCES

Cavelos, J. (2000). The Science of Star Wars. New York: St. Martins.

"Exposing the Crooks Behind the Myth" (2009). Yowcrooks.blogspot.com. Cited in:

 http://yowcrooks.blogspot.com/2008/11/more-dirt-on-marshall-masters-of.html 

Gore, Al. (2009). "An Inconvenient Truth." Cited in:  http://www.climatecrisis.net .

Rise of the Planet of the Apes
The interaction of human beings and the natural world has always been one of conflict because of the inhumane way that people can behave. Animal have been used by human beings as pets, as entertainment, and in the course of scientific research. Fictional depictions of this interaction have reflected the nature of this relationship between man and animal. Some people value animal research as a means of curing human ailments and others decry it as animal cruelty. This is not a clear cut issue, but rather one of many different viewpoints. This document will show various attitudes toward these interactions; the positive aspects of animal testing, the negative attitudes towards testing, and finally how both these attitudes are fitted into the context of the film Rise of the Planet of the Apes, a film which shows exactly how society feels about this complicated issue.

The…...

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Works Cited:

Cohn, M. (2010). Alternatives to animal testing gaining ground: researchers, regulators develop new systems for experiments. The Baltimore Sun.

Hajar, R. (2011). Animal testing and medicine. Heart Views. (12:1). 42.

Jeffries, DH (2011). Planet of the apes and the rise of the animal rights film. The Veganomaly.

The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Volume II (2012). Fullbooks.com

From the point-of-view of the variation and flexibility of the species such cultivated woody crops rank as no more than cornfields. While the tree farms are conveniently be stretched on the private lands, national forests those are considered priceless reservoirs of most of the biological diversity of the nation cannot expand so easily. The commercial logging is considered as the greatest danger for survival of the national forest system. The timber sales are growingly concealed beneath the post fire recovery and fire prevention missions, forest health initiatives and restoration programs. (Endangered Forests: Endangered Freedoms)
Wetlands disappearing

Declining wetlands and reservoir construction are having spectacular influences on a global scale. (the Importance of Wetlands and the Impacts of eservoir Development) the data of USF & WS reveals that the United States added 2.3 million acres in ponds and inland mudflats during the period of mid 1950s and mid1970s. The country added about…...

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References

Acid Rain -- a Contemporary World Problem. Retrieved at Accessed on 3 February, 2005http://www.geocities.com/narilily/acidrain.html.

Acid Rain: Do you need to start wearing a rain hat? Retrieved at   Accessed on 3 February, 2005http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/acidrain.html .

Barney, Gerald O. The Whole World in Our Hands. SF Chronicle. 31 December, 2000. Retrieved at Accessed on 3 February, 2005http://www.mindfully.org/Sustainability/in-Our-Hands.htm.

Bryant, Peter J. Biodiversity and Conservation: A Hypertext Book. Retrieved at Accessed on 3 February, 2005http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/lec05/b65lec05.htm.

discovered solar system and how it works. Using this solar system as an example the writer develops a basis for a believable solar system in another area and describes its functions and actions.
The discovery of the new solar system is very exciting and the world is eager to explore its fundamentals and its possible future use. The world is going to organize a team of scientists that will explore the new solar system using carefully modulated steps with which to discover its workings and elements.

Phase one is going to be an attempt to discover its atmospheric elements. Much like this solar system has atmospheres that contribute to the ability for life to exist on earth, and possibly other planets it is suspected there are similar atmospheres in the newly discovered solar system. We are going to determine what the planets' atmospheres are comprised of and whether or not they…...

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Reference Date: 12:00 UT 1 Jan 2000 (JD 2451545.0)

Julian centuries from reference date

Jovian Magnetosphere

Goddard Space Flight Center O4 Model

Dipole field strength: 4.28 gauss-Rj3

Worldwide Population Increase Affect Planet
The world population is a lucrative endeavor that has influential effects on the immediate environment. One of the changing or growing avenues of the planet is that of the enlargement of the human population. Initially, the human population was perceived as a small entity within a vast planet. Nonetheless, the human population has been on the increase over the past centuries. Many lucrative approaches and human activities are part of the changes that have occurred because of the increase in human population in the planet. The avenues of performance within the spectral and planetary stratifications account to the many steps that have been taken by human beings in the environment. The environment is a fragile structure and body that deserves equitable management and security. In order to foster equitable management of the environmental sustainability avenues, there is a need to have a long-range of performances…...

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References

Axelrod, R.B., Cooper, C.R., Warriner, A.M., & Kennedy, X.J. (2011). Reading Critically,

Writing Well ninth Ed + Writing and Revising. Bedford/St. Martins

Baer, H.A. (2012). Global capitalism and climate change: The need for an alternative world system. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.

Gilbert, G. (2006). World population: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-

Pluto nicknamed as “puzzling planet” or “runaway planet” was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh, a young US astronomer at the Arizona Lowell Observatory in 1930[footnoteRef:1]. Pluto is the largest known “dwarf planet” and the ninth largest object direct orbiting the sun. It’s the coldest, smallest and most distant planet from the sun. Similar to other Kuiper belt objects, the landscape of Pluto is mainly rock and ice. Astronomers have remained puzzled with the origin of Pluto for centuries with earlier work suggesting that Pluto is a residual planetesimal. [1: Tombaugh, Clyde, and Patrick Moore. 1980. Out of the Darkness; The Planer Pluto. Harrisburg: Stackpole Book] There are varied hypothesis on Pluto’s origin such as the possible knocking out of Pluto by Neptune’s largest moon Triton implying that Pluto didn’t possess a fully planetary status. The concept was later rejected as subsequent research established that there is no interaction of Neptune’s and Pluto’s orbits[footnoteRef:2].…...

brown dwarf with a satellite planet was recently discovered by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope; the implications of the discovery are discussed in a recent NASA-published article entitled "Astronomers Discover Beginnings of 'Mini' Solar System," online at < http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/spitzer-020705.html>. Also known as "failed stars," brown dwarfs are dim and rarely host solar systems. Because of their relatively small mass they cannot ignite and produce star light. However, brown dwarfs are also known as "super planets" because they often exist alone in space and are larger than most known planets.
The content of the article relates to many interrelated areas of cosmology and astronomy. First, the news clarifies the definition of brown dwarfs, of which relatively little is known because they are rare and dim. Also, if a brown dwarf can host a satellite planet then miniature solar systems could exist throughout space. The discovery also teaches fundamental concepts of astronomy such…...

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Works Cited

Clavin Whitney. "Astronomers Discover Beginnings of 'Mini' Solar System." NASA.gov. 7 Feb 2005. .

Thesis Statement Brainstorming for Star Wars vs. Star Trek

1. Social and Philosophical Underpinnings

Star Wars: A Moralistic Saga of Good vs. Evil in a Feudal Galaxy vs. Star Trek: A Humanistic Exploration of Rationality and Idealism in a Socialist Utopia.

The Force in Star Wars as a Metaphor for Divine Intervention vs. Science and Technology in Star Trek as the Path to Progress and Enlightenment.

The Jedi Code of Harmony and Sacrifice vs. Starfleet's Prime Directive of Non-Interference and Exploration.

2. Technological Advancements and Galactic Politics

The Expansive and Diverse Galactic Empire in Star Wars: A Symbol of Autocracy and Imperial....

I. Introduction
A. Hook
B. Background information on astronomy
C. Thesis statement

II. History of Astronomy
A. Ancient history
1. Contributions of early civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, etc.)
B. Renaissance and Scientific Revolution
1. Key figures (Copernicus, Galileo, etc.)
2. Major discoveries and advancements

III. Branches of Astronomy
A. Observational astronomy
1. Ground-based telescopes
2. Space-based telescopes
B. Theoretical astronomy
1. Modeling and simulations
2. Predictions and hypotheses

IV. Key Concepts in Astronomy
A. Celestial bodies
1. Stars
2. Planets
3. Moons
B. Solar system
1. Formation and evolution
2. Exploration missions (e.g., Voyager, Mars rovers)

V. Current Developments and Discoveries
A. Exoplanets
1. Search....

Outlining an Astronomy Essay: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

1. Attention-grabbing hook: Begin with a captivating sentence or question that piques the reader's interest in astronomy.
2. Background information: Provide context about the topic and its relevance.
3. Thesis statement: Clearly state the main argument or viewpoint of the essay.

Body Paragraph 1: The Vastness of the Cosmos

1. Topic sentence: Discuss the immense scale of the universe, including galaxies, stars, planets, and other celestial objects.
- Provide specific examples and statistics to illustrate the vastness.
2. Evidence: Use scientific data, observations, and theories to support the claims.
- Cite reputable sources and avoid making unsubstantiated statements.
3. Analysis:....

One groundbreaking technology that NASA is currently developing for future space exploration missions is the Orion spacecraft, which will be used for missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. The Orion spacecraft is designed to carry astronauts beyond low Earth orbit and is equipped with advanced systems that will enable long-duration missions in deep space.

Additionally, NASA is developing the Space Launch System (SLS), which will be the most powerful rocket ever built and will be used to launch the Orion spacecraft and other payloads into space. The SLS will enable NASA to send astronauts to explore deeper into space than....