He goes further to point out that six out of every ten homeless individuals do suffer from a certain form of mental distress. About 20% of this lot have severe mental illness. In a nutshell, social exclusion gives rise to a direct form of social and economic consequences that include poor housing and limited financial resources.
Dunn (1999) studied the link between social exclusion and mental health. His concluded that the correlation was rather strong and was in congruence with what other authors have documented. It has been acknowledged that unemployment affects persons who have long-term mental disorders in a way that is far greater as compared to the other persons with disability. A total of only 13% are employed as opposed to the more than a third of individuals with disability in general terms (ONS, 1998).The lack of ability to gain employment culminates to a significant level of poverty amongst persons who are having problems associated with mental problems ( FMH,2001).The effect of the inequality falls in a way that is disproportionate on certain groups of persons who use mental health services as compared to others. There is also an element of gender inequality in terms of income as well as wealth both of which when combined with the role of women as mothers as well as carers make the refugees very susceptible to poverty. The poverty itself is also associated with physical illness as well as mental illness. The existence of social exclusion amongst the refugees contributes to a significant impact on both their physical and mental health. A study involving Iraqi asylum seekers revealed that depression had a more close correlation with social support in a manner that is greater that with the history of the torture in that country (Gorst-Unsworth and Goldenberg, 1998)
Burnett and Peel (2001) identified that there is a strong link between an individual's well being and the support that they get from their communities. This is because it aids them in the development of their friendships and links with the host community in order to promote their health as well as their well being.
Dunn (1999) further shows that persons who are of older age who suffers from mental health problems and face other inappropriate acts of discrimination, negative stereotyping, low income and isolation are at a higher risk (more vulnerable) to an elevated vulnerability in terms of their poor physical health (HEA, 1997, Roberts, Seymour and Robinson,2002 and McCulloch,2002)
Galabuzi (2006)'s calls for attention to the eincreasing gap that exists between the rich and the poor amongst the Canadian society. The book makes a challenge to certain common myths that are usually employed in order to deflect the concern of the public as well as for the purpose of masking the various escalating level of social crisis. Galabuzi goes ahead to point out the various roles of the historical patterns of the mainly historical pattern in the prevailing systemic kind of discrimination which then is essential for the succinct understanding of the level of over-representation of the groups that are racialize in the various low paying companies
The link between poverty and health
Several studies have categorically shown that health status is measure via:
Mortality chronic conditions
Emotional stability
General life satisfaction
Physical functioning.
The socio-economic status is however noted via the following measure:
Current income level
Recent income change,
Poverty flags,
Current earnings,
Multi-period averaged incomes,
Relative position in the income distribution
Number of spells of poverty.
Various studies have indicated that the measures of income are significantly linked to the health outcomes (Mullahy, Stephanie and Barbara, 2001). Mullahy and colleagues concludes that several empirical studies as well as reviews have demonstrated that there is a strong association between an individual's income and morbidity by means of various measures derived from both income and health from a diverse layout of samples at various moments (Mullahy, Robert and Wolfe, 2001)
More analysis from literature suggests that:
There is a relationship that exists between the income of an individual and their health. This relationship is however non-linear. This is to means that low-income persons do suffer a greater amount of negative health consequences as compared to the high-income individuals who stand to reap various health benefits.
The long-terms...
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Lack of accountability, transparency and integrity, ineffectiveness, inefficiency and unresponsiveness to human development remain problematic (UNDP). Poverty remains endemic in most Gulf States with health care and opportunities for quality education poor or unavailable, degraded habitats including urban pollution and poor soil conditions from inappropriate farming practices. Social safety nets are also entirely inadequate and all form part of the nexus of poverty that is widely prevalent in Gulf countries.
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