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Literature Review
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A literature review is a structured survey of existing research on a given subject, designed to map what is already known, identify gaps, and establish context for new inquiry. It appears across virtually every academic discipline — from medicine and social science to education and business — because nearly every field requires writers to situate their arguments within an ongoing scholarly conversation. What makes the form academically demanding is that it requires critical synthesis rather than simple summary: writers must evaluate sources, trace patterns across findings, and build a coherent understanding of how a topic has developed over time.

The papers archived here reflect the breadth of subjects that a literature review can address. Some take a clinical or scientific orientation, examining topics such as kidney transplantation, stem cell treatment of leukemia, and maggot debridement therapy for necrotic tissue. Others focus on social and policy concerns, including teen pregnancy risk factors, fatherless homes and child development, affordable housing for low-income families, and special education referral processes for Haitian students. Still others address organizational and research methodology questions, such as pay-for-performance models, scenario planning, and international research methods. Across all these angles, the core task remains the same: synthesizing journal-based evidence to support a focused argument.

A strong literature review establishes a clearly scoped research question and organizes sources thematically or conceptually rather than listing them one by one. Evidence drawn from peer-reviewed journals carries the most weight, and writers should prioritize recent, field-specific studies. The most common pitfall is letting the review become purely descriptive — strong papers consistently evaluate the quality, limitations, and implications of the sources they discuss.

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Research Paper Undergraduate
Sexual identity and same sex attraction
THE DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY of HOMOSEXUALITY
Research Paper Doctorate
Coca-Cola's marketing challenges in Brazil: global operations and local competition
The purpose of this work is to, through research; focus on a firm analysis of the Coca-Cola Company operating in Brazil and to then make comparison to a major indigenous bottler. The analyses will be examined in the…
Thesis Undergraduate
Servant Leadership Applying Distributed Leadership and Servant
The effects of distributed and servant leadership within a middle school environment is best measured and made most relevant when student achievement scores, both in the short- and long-range, significantly exceed…
Essay Doctorate
Information governance in healthcare management systems
Introduction Of the many enterprises that rely on information systems to attain their objectives, healthcare management is the most challenging and costly. The combination of highly complex application, systems and platform trade-offs, along with the need for continual government compliance makes information systems in healthcare one of the most difficult areas to attain best practices in of any IT area (Le Rouge, De Leo, 2010). The intent of this analysis is to evaluate the primary causes of information management (IM) or information technologies (IT) project failures and recommend three best practices that could guide organizations past these failures in the future. Second, determining the best approach to use project metrics and portfolio management to facilities or enable greater levels of IT governance as well. Third, this analysis will conclude with an analysis of the various types of government intervention occurring into healthcare today and debate how this hampers and slows down innovation and market growth. Analysis of Healthcare IT Project Failures And Best Practices Recovery There are a multitude of factors that lead to project failures in healthcare management, from lack of project direction and clarity of goals to lack of consistent system and application plans. The most common factor that leads to a healthcare IT project failure however is a lack of commitment and support for the project from the senior management of an organization (Le Rouge, De Leo, 2010). One of the foundational aspects of effective enterprise-wide IT change is having the senior management of any firm lead through example, showing the entire organization how they need to change in order for IM or IT systems to succeed (Le Rouge, De Leo, 2010). When an organization has this level of support from senior management, they can quickly attain complex, challenging objectives as everyone seeks to emulate the leader's behavior and excel. This ability of a leader of any healthcare management program to guide change effectively through the use of their own transformational leadership skills can even overcome scope complexity and a lack of clarity around secondary metrics of performance (Austin, Boxerman, 2008). Yet when a project lacks this level of support from a senior management team, it quickly degenerates and begins to fall apart over time. A transformational leader however can keep a complex project moving forward and avert its unraveling due to a lack of a consistent, unified focus. The second most cited reason for healthcare management IT projects failing are the lack of clarity surrounding project goals and objectives, and a lack of consistent measure of performance (Gough, 2001). Often project scope will begin to drift over time on projects when there is a lack of clear, well-defined objectives and the constraints of the project are not well-defined (Austin, Boxerman, 2008). Project goals and objectives that don't reflect the realities of time, cost and resource constraints of an enterprise actually increase the speed of a project failing over time as well (Wills, Sarnikar, El-Gayar, Deokar, 2010). Project goals and objectives that lack a clarity and focus are the second leading cause of IT failures in healthcare management, with lack of recognition for time, cost, and resource constraints acting as accelerators of decline (Helfert, 2009). A third major factor that leads to IT project failures in healthcare management is lack of consistent project management practices in how analytics, key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics are used long-term over a projects' lifetime (Helfert, 2009). Too often the analytics, KPIs and metrics used in complex IT projects in healthcare management are misaligned to the long-term objectives of the enterprise (Austin, Boxerman, 2008). With the lack of consistency and coherence of one series of project objectives to the broader requirements of the enterprise, the project tends to become a lower priority and eventually fails (Mahmoud, Rice, 1998).
Paper Undergraduate
Event management principles and practices
The people of the globe have always fancied events. While some of these events were created with specific purposes of decision making, political support or for economic resolution, others have had a more entertaining…
Paper Undergraduate
Deploying a Pilot Case Study
¶ … Deploying a Pilot Case Study Within a Research Project
Research Paper Doctorate
Risk Minimization and Loss Prevention
Risk Minimization and Loss Prevention in Small Business in the Post-9/11 ERA
Paper Doctorate
Socio-technical systems theory contributions to work environments and contemporary relevance
The role of Socio-Technical Systems Theory (STS) continues to be a galvanizing factor in the planning, development, implementation and continual fine-tuning of enterprise systems worldwide. Pursuing cost reductions through the use of manufacturing economies of scale and advanced lean process management techniques within organizations is paradoxically leading them into even greater conflicts internally how to attain balance of their STS-based initiatives (Kim, Kaplan, 2006). STS-based initiatives based on transformational leadership within the best-performing companies have shown potential to overcome the over-reliance on technical subsystems that by using technologies to make social systems more accurate, accelerated and trust-based (Amrit, Van Hillegersberg, 2010). The intent of this analysis is to evaluate how enterprise software platforms including Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) over time dictate the culture of an organization based on the information flows supported or not (Das, Jayaram, 2007). This is why many manufacturing companies fail to stay in step with the needs of their customers, as they continually are struggling to make their own internal systems reflect external reality. For the manufacturers who can manage this transition, they are able to survive in turbulent industries. STS-based frameworks are invaluable in defining why certain companies in general and manufacturers specifically are able to regain agility and stay focused on market dynamics while others wither and eventually exist markets and eventually go out of business. The premise of companies who are able to manage uncertainty and turbulence is that they have used STS-based concepts to balance their social and technical subsystems without overcompensating on either. An ancillary finding from completing this analysis is that the cultural integrity and resiliency of any organization can over time be predicted by the balance of social and technical subsystem balance or equilibrium (Manz, Stewart, 1997). A proposed Socio-Technical Equilibrium Model For Enterprise Systems has been created based on insights from this analysis and is shown in Figure 1. One of the most significant findings is that while data and system integration is often consider essential for enabling greater transaction accuracy, efficiency and process performance it also has a strong cultural effect on social subsystems throughout organizations (Carlsson, Henningsson, Hrastinski, Keller, 2011). The proposed Socio-Technical Equilibrium Model For Enterprise Systems seeks to illustrate graphically how organizations can be more agile and responsive to market requirements by aligning their social and technical subsystems for greater information and knowledge transfer across broad functional and strategic boundaries. The consensus of the research completed for this analysis illustrates how divided and conflicting social and technical subsystems are throughout organizations however (Carlsson, Henningsson, Hrastinski, Keller, 2011). The literature review also highlighted that across all enterprise systems, the ERP platforms had the most divisive effect on corporate cultures, fragmenting them across functional and strategy areas, creating information siloes in the process (Carlsson, Henningsson, Hrastinski, Keller, 2011). Ironically ERP systems have a balkanization effect on companies instead of a unifying one. Using a more equilibrium-based approach to balancing technical and social subsystems throughout an organization by using role-based ERP systems that have systems of record defined by strategy and not by functional areas shows significant potential to avert organizational and cultural clashes that occur when a siloed approach to defining how a given technical subsystem supports socially-based processes. The capability of any organization to overcome the limitations of its IT structure and still attain a congruency across technical and social subsystems is critical for STS-based frameworks to deliver value throughout an enterprise (Appelbaum, 1997).
Paper Doctorate
Long-term memory research proposal in non-primate animals
The most fascinating of all abilities of life on Earth is the utilization of memory to survive. Memory can be utilized by animals, insects, reptiles, and even fish to find food and shelter.
Paper Undergraduate
Self-Advocacy Steps to Successful Transition
The inclusion of disabled individuals in the general social, educational and occupational contexts which are welcoming to mainstream populations is a goal which appears to parallel the progressive orientation of our…