¶ … Working Class in England
First published in English in 1892, Frederick Engels' The Conditions of the Working-class in England in 1844 was a firsthand account of the everyday conditions of workers in a recently-industrialized England. Engels' book provides an ideal primary source for understanding the effect of the Industrial Revolution on English society, because a Engels is careful to contextualize his discussion of the working-class in 1844 Manchester with a comparison to conditions in rural England, as well as prior to industrialization. Engels begins with the historical and technological developments leading to industrialization, and then moves on to a discussion of the different experiences of industrial workers alongside further information concerning the environment of industrial cities themselves. In all, The Conditions of the Working-class in England offers the student of history a convincing and well-researched examination and critique of a newly industrial England and the social and historical forces that made it that way.
Engels introduces the book with a discussion of the primary technologies that set off industrialization in England, namely, "the invention of the steam-engine and of machinery for working cotton" (Engels 1). He provides detailed statistics regarding the rapid growth of English industry and trade, and demonstrates how much of global industrialized in the 19th century had its roots in England (Engels 7-14). Because Engels believes that "England is the classic soil of this transformation, […] England is, therefore, the classic land of its chief product also, the proletariat," he argues that a study of the proletariat and his or her working conditions in England will offer the reader a reasonably accurate understanding of the plight of the industrialized worker in general (Engels 1). Thus, for the most part the rest of the book's analysis takes as is central organizing point the concept of the proletariat.
In the first chapter Engels outlines what he means by the proletariat, or those individuals, "from Glasgow to London," who "are systematically plundered and mercilessly left to their fate" by the rich (Engels 18). Engels' radical position regarding the fate of the working-class is evident in his language, but by and...
Working Class Surname What was life like in the 19th century for the working class? The conditions of towns were often very dreadful in the early 19th century. However, there came an improvement. The gaslight saw its first London light in 1807 at Pall Mall. Coming to the 1820s, many towns started introducing gas lighting in streetlights. In the early 19th century, most of the towns were untidy and dirty, overcrowded, and
it survive in the 21st century? "Class is to Britain what sex is to teenagers -- more talked about than practiced" (Willetts 1995:1). The fact that Britain is a class-conscious society is taken as a universal given; when virtually any author wishes to use an example of class-stratified society, they look to the UK. The famous play by George Bernard Shaw entitled Pygmalion immortalized the nation as a world in
" (Chan, East, Ali and Neophytou, 2002; p.6) III. POST-WWII ENGLAND SCHOOLS The work entitled: "Doing Comparative Education: Three Decades of Collaboration" relates the fact that the post-World War II world in England "left a series of emergencies for which immediate answers had to be found. There were shortages of staff, equipment and building..." (Eckstein, 1960) Eckstein additionally states: "Post-war legislation has generally been characterized by radical thinking and optimism. However, the
In Braque's "Woman with a Guitar we can see the foreshadowing of the Synthetic Cubism period, when he introduces stenciling and lettering, a practice that Picasso was soon to imitate. Figure 7: Picasso, Le Guitariste"(1910 Figure 8: Braque "Woman with a Guitar" (1913 Synthetic Cubism/Collage 1912-1914: Braque was beginning to experiment further now by mixing materials such as sand and sawdust into his paint to create a more textured, built- up look and what
Manufacturing Seven Key Elements for Successful Implementation Norman Binette, Jr. Biddeford, Maine Manufacturing organizations are built on the premise that they possess the ability to provide a wide variety of quality products for their customers. This reputation is dependent upon the constant review of existing processes and the identification of new and innovative methods of production that will enhance and increase the diversification of product lines. One such process that has proven itself
Absurdity of Life in Modernist Drama Although not prolific, the contemporary American playwright Peter Morris demonstrates very readily the way in which the absurdist strain in modernist drama has carried through into the early twenty-first century. What is most interesting about Morris's work in this light is the way that earlier theatrical movements -- most particularly the theater of the absurd -- are being incorporated and effectively used as one rhetorical
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