The PAQ uses similar methodology to generate results that link identification with adjectives considered desirable in both genders with high self-esteem in subjects of either gender.
Generally, both instruments have been criticized because it is virtually impossible to ignore the influence of social learning on the degree to which individuals identify with gender-specific attributes. In effect, a diagnostic questionnaire may answer little else besides the identification of particular attributes associated positively with masculinity or femininity in the social culture in which subjects were socialized. More specifically, the PAQ has been criticized for equating identification with desirable male attributes with high self-esteem in "androgynous" females without considering the greater degree to which society reinforces self-esteem in conjunction with masculinity in the first place.
4. What are some areas of gender-role strain for men and women today?
In principle, gender-role strain arises whenever the individual encounters social situations in which the individual is incapable of living up to fundamental components of roles, behaviors, and responsibilities corresponding to established social expectations within a particular society. Typical examples of gender-role strains experienced...
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