¶ … Wallace C., Robins J., Alvord L, Walker J. The effects of earplugs on sleep measures during exposure to simulated intensive care unit noise. American Journal of Critical Care 8, 4:210-219.
Six paid volunteers (self-selected) were tested on five 8-hour periods, at 7-day intervals. The first three nights were quiet. The subsequent nights the subjects were given earplugs, and they were subject to simulated ICU noise. The study found that where elevated noise levels produced more awakenings, and rapid eye movement latency, the earplugs were effective in allowing the patients to reduce REM latency and increase the % of REM sleep. The authors note that the sample size was small, a key limitation.
Scotto C., McClusky C., Spillan S., Kimmel J. Earplugs improve patients' subjective experience of sleep in critical care. Nursing in Critical Care 14, 4: 180-184.
The study had 88 participants (49 intervention, 39 control). The subjects were admitted to critical care. The intervention group were given earplugs. Their sleep was measured with self-reported subjective scale, 8-question visual analogue scale and the Verran-Snyder-Halpern scale. The earplugs were found to improve the subjective experience of sleep in the ICU. Seven patients were unable to complete the study because the earplugs fell out -- the authors...
Awakening, which might have been more aptly titled, The Sexual Awakening shocked the delicate and rigid sensibilities of Kate Chopin's contemporaries of 1899, although many of those contemporaries were slowly experiencing awakenings of their own. In telling the story of a married woman who begins to realize that she is an individual human being, rather than a nonentity made up of female roles assigned by a male-dominated society, Chopin immediately
Awakenings - Dr. Oliver Sack Film Based on a true story about Dr. Oliver Sack's work in the 1960s, Penny Marshall's film Awakenings elucidates the challenges of clinical experimental psychology. Dr. Sack's fictionalized character, Dr. Malcolm Sayer had worked as a laboratory researcher until he was forced to accept a new position treating catatonic patients at a Bronx mental institution. His relative inexperience in a clinical setting could be partly to
It is Edna who achieves both the awakening of the title, the awareness of how the social traditions imposed on her are stifling her and preventing her from expressing herself as she would wish, and also fails in that she cannot overcome these traditions and so chooses suicide rather than continue under such a repressive system. Chopin implies that there is a danger in awakening, in understanding the nature of
The figures that, during the novel, have the greatest role in shaping Edna Pontellier's character, and therefore the figures from whom she must escape, are her husband and children. It is her role as wife and mother that is supposed to define her, as it did for much of recorded history. Women were thought to have very little value outside of the home, especially in the higher classes (when it
Awakening mother-women ( Adele Ratignolle) mother-Women ( Edna Back to Sleep: Edna's Fate Kate Chopin's The Awakening functions as a turn of the century tragedy regarding the domesticated lot of women in American society. Its protagonist, Edna Pontellier, is forced to forsake all of the wonder, delight, and sensations of life -- those that are intrinsically hers, anyway -- for an unyielding society in which her only virtue is that of
Awakening ONE (a): The Awakening speaks to the fact that women were breaking away from the dependence they had on men (and the power men had over women as a cultural tradition). When Edna learns to swim, for example, she is extremely happy that she has control over something that propels her; Chopin uses Edna's emerging independence (and Edna's repulsion for the "…vague, tangled, chaotic…exceedingly disturbing" truth about her own
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