Environmental Hazards as a Consequence of Crude Oil/Natural Gas Exploration, Transportation, Refining and Storage Ever since crude oil was first successfully drilled in the U.S. In Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859, the demand for oil has only been increasing over the years in countries all over the world. (Camden, 1883) Crude oil, from which various petroleum products are obtained, is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon component found trapped in rocks below the

The main hazards related to LNG include: Rupture due to Corrosion Rupture while excavation Rupture while excavation Rupture during an earthquake Rupture due to mechanical failure Rupture at compressor Rupture at inspection stations Uncontrolled detonation of explosives Blow-out of gas at head and subsequent fire Gas leak from infrastructure Fire involving combustible Construction damage LPG or Diesel Diesel pump fire involving equipment brittle fracture valve Leaks Welding failure welding casting failure Mechanical overstressing of equipment Vibration pump Corrosion joint Erosion Failure due to external loading or impact Internal Explosion Underground pipe

" (United Nations, 2000) The Household Budget Survey 1996/1997 reported that in excess of 14.5 of households in Mauritius are presently living below the poverty line and economic development has been stalled due to the "…rising cost of labor erosion of the protected international markets due to gradual effects of globalization and liberalization and increasing competition with other countries…" (United Nations, 2000) The distribution aspect of income and wealth has not

D.). Following this period of exploration one must tackle the seismic interpreters with their predictions and drill exploration wells. If these wells are on-shore, then the cost can be modest, but if the prospected reservoir is off-shore in ultra deep water, drilling a well is very expensive and it becomes an interesting strategy game to balance the risk of drilling a dry well against the risk of missing a big cat.

EBMUD Technology and "EBMUD" Technology plays a significant role at the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD). EBMUD is a publicly owned water company that supplies water service for 1.3 million people that live on the eastern side of San Francisco Bay. It provides water and wastewater treatment for Alameda and Contra Costa Counties which include cities such as Oakland and Berkeley. ("About East Bay"). As EBMUD's responsibilities to the public have

If there is an aggregate sub-base, these can provide water quality treatment. There should be good compaction and appropriate geo-textiles especially for areas accessible to heavy vehicles. Permeable pavements reduce the need for deep excavations thereby providing a cost benefit. This system reduces the run-off rates and peak flow. The overall benefit is that it removes pollutants and holds water so that it does enter the main drainage. A lot