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Two Concept Maps Of Two Different Diseases Chapter

¶ … Map of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Breast Cancer Lifestyle

Eating Better

Cutting down on alcohol

Giving up Tobacco

Exercising

Controlling Stress

Medications/Surgical

Medications approved to treat breast cancer:

Abitrexate

Abraxane

Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine

Afinitor et al. (National Cancer Institute, 2016).

Concept Map of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer

ETIOLOGY

Primary

The etiology of breast cancer remains mainly unidentified. Risk factors linked with breast cancer can be clustered into three comprehensive contributing factors: i. family history (hereditary) factors, ii. hormonal reproductive factors

environmental factors (DeBruin and Josephy, 2002).

Secondary

Polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes may influence risk of breast cancer from environmental chemicals, dietary agents, and endogenous steroids (DeBruin and Josephy, 2002).

BREAST CANCER

DIAGNOSIS

History/Physical

Lump or contour change

Skin tethering

Nipple inversion

Dilated veins

Ulceration

Paget disease

Edema or peau d'orange (Medscape, 2015)

Diagnostic/Lab Tests

Chest x-ray (CXR) Complete blood count (CBC)

Basic metabolic panel (BMP)

Lactate Urine analysis (UA)

Urine culture (UC)

Blood cultures x2 sites (Rischer, 2013)

PATHOGENESIS

Primary

When estrogen goes into the cell, it fixes the ER and the complex drifts into the nucleus and results in the production of transcription proteins that prompts changes in the cell. Consequently, owing to estrogen's proliferative features, its cellular stimulus can have adverse outcomes in patients conveying large amounts of these receptors intracellularly (Yager and Davidson, 2006).

Secondary

Contrivance of carcinogenesis continues to be mostly unidentified, but overexpression...

(2013). Unfolding Clinical Reasoning Case Study: Breast Cancer Content/Concept Map. Retrieved 3 February, 2016 from: http://www.keithrn.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Breast-Cancer-Content-Concepts-Map-for-Case-Study1.pdf
National Cancer Institute. (2016). Drugs Approved for Breast Cancer. Retrieved 3 February, 2016 from: http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/breast

DeBruin, L. S., & Josephy, P. D. (2002). Perspectives on the chemical etiology of breast cancer. Environmental health perspectives, 110(Suppl 1), 119.

Krans, B., Cafasso, J. (2015). Warning Signs of Breast Cancer. Healthline. Retrieved 3 February, 2016 from: http://www.healthline.com/health/breast-cancer/warning-signs#SignsandSymptoms3

Yager, J. D., & Davidson, N. E. (2006). Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(3), 270-282.

DIAGNOSIS

History/Physical

Patient voiding diary

-Evidently low volume, force of urinary stream and flow rate

Digital Rectal Exam

-Reveals large rubbery and non-tender gland

Measurement of post-void residual urine

Higher…

Sources used in this document:
References

Lepor, H. (2005). Pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia in the aging male population. Reviews in urology, 7(Suppl 4), S3.

Roehrborn, C. G. (2008). Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. International journal of impotence research, 20, S11-S18.

Dhingra, N., & Bhagwat, D. (2011). Benign prostatic hyperplasia: An overview of existing treatment. Indian journal of pharmacology, 43(1), 6.
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