Political Systems in China and India Political

Political Systems in China and India

Political system in China

The political culture in China has been shaped by geographical features and the many eras of the country's history that include the dynastic rule, the previous control by imperialist nations and its aftermath the communist rule. Geographical features in China have greatly influenced and shaped Chinas political development. The political culture inherited from dynastic rules that existed from centuries centered on Confucian values like order, harmony and the strong sense of hierarchy.

The fundamental political system in China is the people's congress system. The constitution of the PCR gives providence for the state power belongs to the people. The NPC and local people's congress at all levels are the basic organs that are a representation of the people in the exercising of state power. The NPC is the highest organ of the state power, it has the right to elect and also remove top leaders of supreme people's court.

There are four main functions that can be linked to the people's congress and these are legislation, supervision, appointment and the removal of officials and the decision making on major issues. The way these functions are laid out is a clear reflection of how the Chinese people exercise their power as the masters of the state through the people's congress system. Political democracy in China is built on the attempts to persist, improve and develop the system. This people's congress party has therefore seen constant development and improvement over time. The people's congress system has constantly ensured that the people exercise state power in a concerted way and through this gives full play of the enthusiasm that the people have. It also gives people initiative as masters of the state while creating conditions that are favorable for the state organs to share the work and help one another in the organization of socialist construction (Embassy of the people's republic of China in the republic of Albania, 2008)

The basic party system of China is the multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the communist party of China. This was created jointly and developed by democratic parties and CPC in a long process of China's revolution. The multiparty cooperation in China is quite distinctive from other capitalist countries that have multi-party or two party system or even few who have one party system. While the CPC is the ruling party, other parties participate in discussion and management of affairs of the state in collaboration with CPC. These collaborations are on the basic principle that long-term coexistence and mutual supervision and treatment of each other with sincerity and sharing both good and bad. This system in China has a political advantage in that there is achievement of a wide democratic participation, pooling of wisdom of democratic parties, the mass organization and people of all walks of life and finally the promotion of democratic decision making of the party in power and governments at all level. This brings about the realization of centralization and unity and the drawing up of plans that are unified when the interests of different sections of people are put into consideration.

The basic political system in China is the system of ethnic regional autonomy that is divided into three level sie. autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties. The state is legally obligated to assist ethnic autonomous area in speeding up their development in terms of economic and social factors. China is governed by the policy of one country two systems where the main body PCR continues with its socialist system while the others Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan continue with capitalist system.

Political system in India

In India politics is viewed as a dividing factor whereas culture is thought to be a factor that brings people together. Therefore these two aspects have always been simmering conflicting .the Indian political culture has undergone various changes from the pre-independence era till the contemporary time. Upon arrival of India's independence there have been multiplicities of heritages and legacies that have influenced its post-independence course in intricate ways. Caste and religion are a very important aspect or form part of politics in India; these factors to a great extend help in shaping of the political culture of India. Several communities, minorities and castes have a great influence the contemporary political scenario of India. After the attainment of independence the federal government of India has been under Indian National Congress.

India is a union of states and a sovereign, secular and democratic republic which has a parliamentary system of government in place. The polity in India is governed in terms of the constitution. The constitution gives providence for single and uniform citizenship for the entire nation and confers the right on every person who is a citizen of India and is above the age of 18 to vote. The constitution also provides fundamental rights to every citizens these include freedom of speech, expression, belief, assembly, association, migration and the choice of occupation or trade. The rights are in place to protect Indians from discrimination on grounds such as sex, creed, race, religion and are all enforceable in the courts of law (Competitive master, 2012)

The president as per the constitution is the head of executive of the union, though real executive powers are vested in a council of ministries that are headed by the prime minister. The constitution also governs the sharing of the legislative powers between parliament and state legislatives and also allows for residual powers to remain in parliament. The mandate to make any amendments in the constitution also lies within parliament. The president and vice president in India are elected in the same way which is by members of an electoral college that consists of elected members of houses of parliament and legislative assemblies of the state where suitable weight is allocated to each vote. Among the powers that the president has is the power to proclaim an emergency in the country in a case where he is satisfied that the security in India or any part of its territory is under any threat either by war, external aggression or even armed rebellion. In case of failure in constitutional machinery of the state the president assumes any functions of the government of that state. A council of ministries is also in place that consists of cabinet ministers, minister of states and deputy ministers. The decisions of the council of ministers are communicated by the prime ministers. The legislative arm of India, also known as the parliament is made up of the president, Rajya Sabha which is the council of states and Lock Sabha which is the house of people. All legislations require the approval of the two houses of parliament though when it comes to money bills, the prevailing will is for the Lok Sabha.