Theory About Something, but Not Many People

¶ … theory about something, but not many people realize exactly what defines a theory. While there are as many definitions of a "theory," "generally speaking, a theory is an abstract system of concepts with indications of the relationships among these concepts that help us understand a phenomenon." ("SPC3210, Chapter 1") When discussing a theory, it is important to understand that the application of a theory is dependent upon the level of generality. For instance, a theory about communications can apply to the all humans in general, or a specific group of people, or just very specific people in specific circumstances. But whether the theory is "Grand," "Mid-Level," or "Narrow," it must contain a number of specific goals which "can include explanation, understanding, prediction, and social change…." ("SPC3210, Chapter 1") Theories attempt to explain certain phenomena, then based on patterns recognized by the theory, predict something, and finally can cause social change based on the theory.

Because of this definition, theory, which may be an abstract idea, can be used to explain and understand concrete experiences. Furthermore, they not only allow for predictions about phenomena, but the ability to cause change in that phenomena. Therefore, human experience is often interpreted by whatever theory the individual is using, either consciously or not. This means that a person's experiences are dependent upon the actual circumstances of the moment, but also the way a person views that experience. And the way a person views a phenomena can be in one of three ways: positivistic, interpretive, or critical.

When one "assumes that objective truths can be uncovered and that the process of inquiry that discovers these truths can be, at least in part, value neutral," then one is following the "positivistic" approach. ("SPC3210, Chapter 1") Researchers using this approach strive for complete objectivity and control over the theoretical concepts. When conducting research, the situation studied is carefully controlled and usually only one element is varied so that the results will be smaller in scope but more definitive. This is very different from the "interpretive" approach which downplays objectivity and allows for the natural inclusion of personal values and past experiences. While this approach is less definitive, it allows for more factors to be involved in the explanation process. Finally, the "critical" approach assumes that all experiences are viewed through a lens of power, and depending on how much power a person has, their view changes. The critical approach also assumes that those in power shape the knowledge they pass to subordinates in order to maintain their monopoly on power and information. Researchers in this approach are careful to remove the power imbalances that exist in order to better understand the subjects' real experiences.