¶ … Modest Proposal and the Toulmin Model
The Toulmin Model shows that arguments generally have six distinct parts: 1) reasons or evidence, 2) qualifications, 3) a claim, 4) warrants, 5) rebuttal, and 6) backing. In conjunction with these six parts there may be said to be three others: assumptions, counter-arguments, and implications. The claim in the Toulmin Model is the position that is taken. The evidence is that which supports the claim. The warrant is the idea or principle that relates the reason to the claim -- it draws a line from the one to the other. The backing is the support or the justification of the warrant/principle. The rebuttal is the counter to the claim, the exception or counter-argument. The qualification is the limitation of the claim, the extent of its warrant/backing. A warrant can be implied (unstated) and can be made in a variety of ways: through generalizing, by way of analogy, via the use of a sign, the notion of causality, simple authority, or principle. In Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal," Swift makes the claim that by eating the children of Ireland's poor, it will solve the problem of beggary in Ireland and make England a better place (because there will be fewer Irish).
Swift's proposal, of course, is pure
The position that Swift takes is that the best way to solve the problem of so many beggarly children in Ireland is to let them nurse for one year till they are nice and fat and then send them to the tables of lords and ladies for eating. The evidence or data/support that is used to support this claim is multi-fold: first, Swift acknowledges that the number of children who are poor in Ireland is excessive and that they all become thieves because there is nothing else to do and that this petty thievery is not good for the public. Thus, Swift appeals to the needs and values of his people: they need to feel less bothered by the beggars always asking for alms and they value good eating (and so this solution kills two birds with one stone). The factual evidence, as far as he is concerned, is that his solution is viewed as serving two purposes -- it is effects the public good and solves the problem of hungry children (this serves as the backing). The warrant that connects the claim to the reason is simple: Swift shows that there is no other solution that can work and that when one considers the public good as being the best benefit, there is no other choice: the evidence shows that the children have got to go and eating them is the best way to get rid of them before they can turn into a public menace or ruin the country still further through their mere existence.
The warrant comes by a number of ways too: first it comes from authority (Swift has it on the authority of his American friend that…
In the New Testament of the Bible, Jesus spent his latter days healing and caring for the sick, dying, and possessed. This should be the way that all Christians act and taking care of the environment for the sake of the poor and needy as well as all living organisms. Regarding the faith and teaching of the Christian Bible, Christians play a vital role in the maintenance of the Earth. The
moral and other imperatives that Christians have when it comes to the environment. Indeed, Christians believe that God created all of the heavens and the earth. As such, what burdens this places on Christians when it comes to the same is a valid question. That question shall be answered using the Toulmin model argument and shall be inclusive of a number of references that support the differing viewpoints, angles
Specific Supports: Chang uses a few statistics as specific support such as by stating that "half of all Asian-Americans intermarry," and that Asian-Americans have the highest median income of all ethnic groups in the United States including Caucasians (p. 3). Supports are both factual and opinionated. Warrants: Warrants include the following. First, race exists. Chang claims that American culture is race-conscious even if race does not exist scientifically. Second, ethnicity and/or
Backing Many organizations have suggested that humans' actions can significantly reduce environmental problems. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, even small lifestyle changes can significantly impact the environment. Some of the small lifestyle changes that the Fund recommends include saving water, recycling, and turning off electrical equipment when it is not being used ("How You Can Help the Environment"). Because humans cause some of the environmental problems by refusing
Toulmin's Model On Holding Bureaucracy Accountable "How to use this worksheet": "Toulmin's model is an effective tool to help you question your sources and the essential elements of your own argument." "Use a separate copy of this worksheet to evaluate each of your sources. Once you've identified the specific parts of each argument, compare the claims, the data, the warrants (along with any qualifiers, rebuttals, or backing). Note where arguments are similar or
Toulmin Model and Sherlock Holmes The Toulmin Model of argumentation asserts that a good argument consists of six parts which intend to develop a practical argument. The first element is the "claim," or the conclusion that the argument must establish. The next part is the "data," or the facts and evidence collected and used to confirm the argument. In order to support the data, general, hypothetical, or logical statements are used,
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