Industrial Revolution of Trade Beyond Britain In a period around the 1500s-1600s, the Industrial Revolution was a confine of Britain mainly due to technological breakthroughs tailored to suit British conditions and not profitable elsewhere. However, most British engineers aimed at improving efficiency and reducing the application of inputs that were considered cheap within Britain and the expensive elements. Consumption of coal from steam engines was sourced from 47 pounds for each horsepower-hour within the 18th century, and only two pounds are starting mid-nineteenth. The relationship of British engineering was undermined by the technological issues that led the creation of 'appropriate technology' in the advanced worlds. From the mid-nineteenth century, there were advancements in technology with profitable use in countries such as India with cheap labor and France with expensive energy. The achievement of such measures allowed Industrial Revolution to be a worldwide agenda[footnoteRef:1]. [1: Olson James; Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in America. (New York, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002) 78.]

The government of France remained active in promoting advanced British technologies across the eighteenth century.[footnoteRef:2] However, the efforts failed as British techniques could not have cost effective solutions to French prices. James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny that was used in cotton processing in the late 1760s.[footnoteRef:3] John Holker, in 1771, spirited an advanced Jenny to France. The demonstration models were created despite the Jenny being installed only in large state supported cotton processing workshops. From the late 1780s, there were close to 20,000 Jennies used in England while only 900 were in France. Similarly, French government sponsored construction of more English style iron works such as coke blast furnaces in Burgundy starting 1780.[footnoteRef:4] Raw materials became adequate were enterprises were well capitalized followed by the hiring of experienced and outstanding English engineers for purposes of overseeing these project. The commercial flops were based on coal variation as expensive avenues across France.[footnoteRef:5] [2: Ross Stewart; the Industrial Revolution. (New York, Evans Brothers, 2008) 76.] [3: Willner Mark., Weiner Jerry., Hero George., and Briggs Bonnie; Global History, the Industrial Revolution to the Age of Globalization. (New York, Barron's Educational Series, 2007) 76.] [4: Rifkin Jeremy; The Third Industrial Revolution, How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. (New York, St. Martin's Press, 2011) 70.] [5: Oakeshott Ewart; European Weapons and Armour, From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution. (New York, Boydell Press, 2012) 76.]

Success within international trade facilitated Britain's cheap energy economy, and high wage. This was a springboard in its quest for Industrial Revolution. Cheap energy and high wages allowed for increased demand for existing technology followed by substituted energy and capital for labor. The incentives continued to operate within different industries. For instance, pottery was a manufacturing component within both China and England. Such designs were founded on differed kilns. English kilns remained cheap to develop despite their fuel inefficiency. The energy of such burning fuels was lost in vent holes for top figures. Typical Chinese kilns in each case were expensive as the construction required intensive labour operations. The facilitation also draws on chambers of floor level combustion components. The entire process continued in many chambers towards its end.[footnoteRef:6] However, there was denuded for the heat lost which exited through the chimney. In England, the populace was not interested in spending plenty of resourced building thermally inefficient kilns as energy was expensive. However, in China, energy was extremely expensive and hence the need to construct cost-effective kilns that were thermally efficient. Technologies were a reflection of relative prices of labor, capital, and energy. The high costs of inventing technology handled undertaking similar development incentives.[footnoteRef:7] [6: Mokyr Joel; 'Why Was the Industrial Revolution a European Phenomenon?'Supreme Court Economic Review, 10 (2003) 27-63.] [7: Lloyd-Jones Roger., and Lewis Merv; British Industrial Capitalism since the Industrial Revolution. (New York, Routledge, 2014) 121.]

One of the reasons for this was the rapid growth of cities in Europe. There was a remarkable increase in the manufacturing industry leading to high demand for labor and hence, highest living standards and British wages in the world. The wages of such labor efforts were diverse within leading cities across Asia and Europe between 1375 and 1875. Wages were deflated through consumer price indices for purposes of showing purchasing power in space and over time. The value of each form allowed labourers to have full-time employment all-round the full while earning enough to take care of family needs. The subsistence conditions of living were developed through the existing 1940 calories for each adult male equivalent on a daily basis. Such budgets were used in defining consumer price indices set so outline the...

The tiny quantities of oil, meat, fuel, housing, and cloth were included within budget levels. [8: Smith Robert; Spotlight on America, Industrial Revolution. (New York, Teacher Created Resources, 2006) 78.]
The Black Death situation in mid-fourteenth century led to increased standards of living for workers elsewhere with high typical earnings and other subsistence forms.[footnoteRef:9] The ensued centuries allowed for population growth within Asia and Europe as well as failure to have diverse wage levels schedule worker trends into the eighteenth century. The systems were sufficient to purchase subsistence standards of living. The countries that avoided such fate included Britain and other Low Countries.[footnoteRef:10] The existing populations grew rapidly as compared to those from elsewhere. However, the effect allowed for the offsetting of the booms within different economies through international trade. However, workers in Amsterdam and London did not buy as much oatmeal as needed to address subsistence needs.[footnoteRef:11] This way, they upgraded the diets into beef, bread, and beer, while the counterparts in such European and Asian areas subsisted through quasi-vegetarian diets including boiled grains coupled with lentils or peas. Workers from northwestern Europe had surplus levels of income for purposes of buying exotic imports like sugar and tea as well as domestic manufacturers of watches, pictures, books, and better clothes.[footnoteRef:12] [9: Horn Jeff., Rosenband Leonard., and Smith Merritt; Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution. (New York, MIT Press, 2010) 23.] [10: Mokyr Joel; the British Industrial Revolution, an Economic Perspective, Second Edition. (New York, Westview Press, 2008) 43.] [11: Mantoux Paul; the Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century, an Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England. (New York, Routledge, 2013) 344.] [12: Pierce Alan; Industrial Revolution. (New York, ABDO Publishing Company, 2010) 45.]

The Industrial Revolution technologies were only profitable for adoption within Britain.[footnoteRef:13] However, variations in terms from country to country in terms of payments were advanced to the inventors of the systems. Ideas for this case embodied the breakthrough technologies for simpler and other difficult problems within the engineering challenges without inflicting variance in their application. The response to challenges required plenty research and development activities that emerged from business practices from the eighteenth century. The accompaniments also led the appearance of such venture capitalists for purposes of financing the R&D efforts without using patents to recoup the successful development benefits. Industrial Revolution invented in Britain from the eighteenth century allowed for continuous payment of invention techniques.[footnoteRef:14] [13: Davies Stella; Living through the Industrial Revolution. (New York, Routledge, 2013) 67.] [14: Cook Sylvia; Working Women, Literary Ladies, the Industrial Revolution and Female Aspiration. (New York, Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.]

Successful R&D programs from the eighteenth century allowed Britain to depend on other characteristic high wage economies. The eighteenth and seventeenth centuries marked the growth of manufacturing and commercial economies leading to increased demands for numeracy, trade and literacy skills. The interactions formed the basis of privately purchased apprenticeships and education. High wage economies were created for purposes of demanding for the skills leading acquisition of viable income levels of purchase. In the end, British populations were skilled in attaining international standards while focusing on necessary skills where high-tech revolution unfolded.[footnoteRef:15] [15: Goloboy Jennifer; Industrial Revolution, People and Perspectives. (New York, ABC-CLIO, 2008) 67.]

The advancement of cities as well as high wage economies stimulated existing agriculture levels. Strong demand for food such as cheese, butter, and meat led to conversion from arable into pasture, convertible husbandry, as well as the production of more fodder crops (clover and turnips). The crops were used in raising soil nitrogen levels while pushing up wheat and barley yields. Urban labor demands led to the amalgamation of smaller holdings within larger farms that employed lesser people for each acre.[footnoteRef:16] The development entailed the conversion of grass ploughed the land. Agriculture became a revolutionized area as cities continued to expand as compared to reverse maintenance of culture as historians put. [16: Zanden Van; the Long Road to the Industrial Revolution, the European Economy in a Global Perspective, 1000-1800. (New York, BRILL, 2009) 54.]

The technologies transformed the world without out setting the barely profitable practiced in Britain. The commercial success was attached to the increment of inputs with relatively cheap levels in Britain. In such countries, energy was expensive while the wages…