It wasn't always a matter of stealing the designs or the parts for a specific technology, Harris explains: "…the arts never pass by writing from one country to another," he quotes from a French official writing in 1752. "The eye and practice alone train men in these activities" (Harris, 43).
In 18th Century Italy Pope Innocent XII had set up a hospice in Laterano for the poor, and the Pope instituted reforms that were designed to "…convince the wealthy to give up direct almsgiving and contribute only to the official collectors" (Grell, et al., 2004, p. 255). In other words, there was an attitude against panhandlers profiting from begging in the streets. Indeed, those with financial means (if they followed the rules) would not be giving directly to beggars, but instead a network would be set up so the wealthy could contribute to a "hospice" where the poor were locked up and needed to learn trades. Hence, some of the poor would be released to their homes. And "…the poor were encouraged to spy on one another and denounce those who cheated" (Grell, 256).
Cheating in this instance meant taking money directly from wealthy people instead of using the network set up. Spies reported on cheaters, and those spies, "…if eligible for relief, would receive the benefits denied to the defrauding poor" (Grell, 256). So it paid the poor to spy on other poor people who were caught asking for handouts on the street.
Meanwhile humans weren't the only spies in 18th Century Europe. According to Claudia Miclaus writing in Buzzle, "…Parrots have been largely used [as spies] in the 18th Century Europe, particularly in France" (Miclaus, 2011, p. 2). Parrots were popular pets during that time period, and had a "power of speech" that made them useful for people who needed to "…fulfill their desire of spying on others" (Miclaus, p. 2).
George Washington and Spying
There is no doubt whatever that George Washington's attitude was to use whatever spies he could to give him an advantage over the enemy. If a contemporary or politician disagreed with Washington on strategy, the General went about his business as best he knew how, and that included spying on the enemy. Entire books have been published based on the use of spies that Washington...
Dis-missal of the great French fairy tale writers from the palace of King Louis XIV help revolutionize the literary French fairy tales? French fairytales and literature are indeed a topic that is worth discussing. This is because the work compiled by the French writers, back in the 17th and 18th century is still part of the English as well as French literature. Nowadays, the term fairy tale is used by many
The Revolutionary period and its effects and causes went beyond scores of years as highlighted by Dickens, but the major events of the French Revolution took place between 1787 and 1799 (Sorensen 6). During this period highlighted by Dickens, all the political power lay on the hands of the king as well as those people who owned the majority land, the clergy and the aristocracy. The vast majority of people
these little slivers of plastic provide commerce at the swipe of a wrist, but every time that card is swiped, the time, date, location, value, and often the items of a purchase are recorded several times over, by banks, credit card companies, superstores, fashion chains, transport industries, and many other points on the economic tree (Trango, n.d.). These details, over time, can and are used to create a 'picture'
Nursing & Women's Roles Pre-and-Post Civil War The student focusing on 19th century history in the United States in most cases studies the Civil War and the causes that led to the war. But there are a number of very important aspects to 19th century American history that relate to women's roles, including nursing and volunteering to help the war wounded and others in need of care. This paper delves into
According to Mctiernan (1997), "James Fenimore Cooper's the Spy is interesting precisely because no genre had yet hardened around spying when he wrote it. Cooper relies instead on the conventions of other genres -- primarily, the domestic romance and the historical adventure, which, unlike spy fiction, did not evolve in part to justify the dishonesty and covert manipulation central to espionage" (3). As noted above, Cooper was also able to
Women in the American Revolution Social Status of Women in the Revolution Molly Pitcher - the real story Evidence supporting her existence Evidence denying her existence An American Icon Other Women who took up Arms Women as Spies Ann Bates Miss Jenny Life as a Camp Follower Women in Supporting Roles The winds of Equality Abigail Adams Patriotism Men's views on Women in the Revolution Women as a Symbol of the Comforts of Home Women in the American Revolution played a deciding factor in the success of
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now