Sports Injuries - Concussions
What is a Concussion?
The Latin word concutere -- the source for the English word concussion -- means, literally, "to shake violently," according to Dr. Robert Cantu, Chief Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery and co-director of Boston University's Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy. In his book, Concussions and Our Kids: America's Leading Expert on How to Protect Young Athletes and Keep Sports Safe, Cantu reports that nearly four million sports and recreation-related concussions are sustained each year, and "…many times that number" go unrecognized (Cantu, 2012, p. 2).
Concussions in sports happen when an athlete is "…slammed and makes sudden and forceful contact" with the ground, a court, a pool deck, a batted or thrown ball, a kicked ball, and "…of course with another player," Cantu explains (p. 3). A concussion can occur without any contact with the head, Cantu asserts. The "whiplash effect" is when a player's body makes sudden and violent change in direction and speed; the "…brain shifts in the cerebrospinal fluid" and slams against the inside of the player's skull (Cantu, p. 4).
There are two types of accelerations that cause concussions, Cantu explains. The first is "linear," like the force when a car crashes into a tree. The driver's head snaps "violently" at the moment of impact. The second type is "rotational"; for example, a football player runs from sideline to sideline and a "hard-hitting defensive player…makes a crunching tackle from the side" (Cantu, p. 4). The collision causes a violent whip of the ball-carrier's head to one side. In this jolt, the brain contacts the skull and it is likely an injury can occur is the collision is violent enough (Cantu, p. 5).
Concussions trigger a "complicated chain of chemical and metabolic reactions," which causes the brain to temporarily lose its ability to "…regulate,...
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