Athletics Macur points out that the IOC recently decided to use testosterone testing to determine whether an individual entering a competitive event can compete as a woman. Several political and ethical issues are raised as a result of this decision, including the right to privacy and what constitutes a fair competition. As Macur notes, using testosterone as the benchmark for determining gender can be problematic. This is because "the upper range of a woman's testosterone level and the lower range of a man's do not overlap, and between them is 'a huge no man's land,'" (p. 2). Thus, a woman with highly elevated testosterone enters this...
This entails outright discrimination against individuals who do not conform to set standards of what it means to be biologically male or female. Even intersex conditions, which create elevated testosterone levels for a person with female reproductive organs, do not necessarily entail that the person's testosterone levels will enter the man's range (Macur).
Women in American History The contribution woman have made to the United States over the years is profoundly important, and probably not recognized to the degree that it should be recognized. This paper reviews and critiques the contributions of women from five periods in history: from 1865 to 1876; from 1877 to 1920; from 1921 to 1945; from 1946 to 1976; and from 1976 to the present day. Women in America --
She not only became a model for young people into what sporting is about, but also took a stance and a leadership role in issues that she believed in. Over the years, tennis has been the main promoter of women in sports as team sports have not been up to the pace with single sports. Although the number of women participating in Olympics has grown substantially in the last 20
Women Strike Women on Strike in the UK: Legal Implications Labor issues continue to be a major source of controversy and upset for millions of British citizens and for policy makers in London, not simply due to the practical problems that persist as part of the financial turmoil but also because labor laws and priorities in the legal system are not clearly defined or consistently enforced. While many laws are clearly defined
One area of sports that is worth concern is the influences of men and masculinities on women in sports. Many women may look up to male sports celebrities and want to be like them. However, male players may have at least some influences and tendencies that are not so socially acceptable. Another author has studied male sports and the link between aggression and some types of assertive sports, such as
As Richard Polidoro and Uriel Simri (1996) write, " Most of the athletes participating in the Games of 676 BC probably came from various Peloponnesian districts and had a relatively short distance to travel. Some participants, however, may have traveled from communities located outside the immediate vicinity. Under the sacred truce, or ekecheiria, the athletes, officials, and spectators were guaranteed safe passage to and from Olympia." Another important factor to note
sensational images in the media, especially as social media has led to the instantaneous reproduction of memes in popular culture. Even before social media and even the Internet, sensational images could spread relatively rapidly via film and television as well as print media such as daily newspapers or weekly and monthly magazines. These images convey various meanings and mean different things for different audiences. A perfect example of how
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