Genetic Engineering
What is Genetic Engineering? What is its purpose?
Dr. Ricarda Steinbrecher of San Francisco State University explains that "genetic engineering" is also called "genetic modification," or "genetic manipulation" (Steinbrecher, 1998). The three titles for the same process really refer to " ... the reshuffling of genes usually from one species to another," and the "basic biology" behind genetic engineering begins with the smallest living unit, the cell. Humans have 3,000,000,000,000 cells, and the cells are stacked together to form tissues, organs, and skin, for example, and in plants, cells make up leaves, fruit, trees, and the rest of the natural world; living things.
Genetic engineering uses technologies to alter the genetic makeup of cells, including "the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms" (Union of Concerned Scientists -- ucsusa.org). When a gene is moved from one plant or animal to another, it "transfers those traits"; and hence, genetic engineering is not the same as "classical plant and animal breeding" (ucsusa.org). Classical breeding is based on "traits"; for example a farmer could breed a yellow cow to a brown cow, and a new color will have been developed in the offspring. But genetic engineering goes further than changing traits; it inserts genetic material that has been manipulated to be able to extract it from its original source and " ... successfully insert it in functioning order in target organisms" (ucusa.org).
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