On the other hand, competition brings about order, whereby the consequences of a particular behavior determine its selection and the most successful becomes the leader of the group (Dunne, 2007, p.49).
5. What does it mean to say that a theory is useful? How should one approach the question of determining the relevance and value of a theory (theory-testing), according to Waltz?
Waltz emphasizes that a useful theory must have the capacity to be disproved. According to Waltz, a theory must be based on observable facts. The best theory must be close to reality and must be proved through measurements. Waltz believed that measurements were to be tested and predicted (Dunne, 2007, p.12). Waltz advances that the relevance and value of a theory is determined by the distinction between the measurement and the predictions. This implies that, if the distinction between the prediction and the measurement are too far apart, then it proves that the theory is falsified. Waltz advices that this would necessitate improvements on the theory to ensure that the predictions of measurements are within the boundaries of the applicable paradigm (Keohane, 2001, p.261).
6. Discuss how these five concepts inter-relate within realist theory: rationality, power, prudence, security, pessimism.
The relationship among the five concepts has been presented by Waltz: players under a domestic polity do not have reason to fear dependence on specialization. However, most starts get worried because of the anarchic structure, which plunders states into a vulnerable condition of insecurity (Keohane, 2001, p.81). This compels nations to become rational and reduce their dependency level. According to Waltz, it is such a simple feeling that explains the pessimistic thrust in order for them to expand their power and control. Countries that rely on other nations for crucial economic supplier are afraid of blackmail or cutoff during a war or crisis. Consequently, nations are likely to expand their political control in supplying resources, which might foster conflicts. Therefore, interdependence may lead to great rationality, insecurity and power (Dunne, 2007, p.47).
7. Define the following three terms and explain their significance: auxiliary hypothesis, reductionism, anarchy.
Modus Tollens is the reasoning patterns based on deductive validity. The auxiliary test hypothesis...
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