Rural Pennsylvania
According to the United States Census Bureau, Pennsylvania's population was estimated as 12,071,842 in 1995, ranking it fifth nationally, with 68.9% urbanized and 31.1% rural, and making it the 25th most urbanized state (Pennsylvania pp). Since 1980, the population growth pattern has been one of increases in the eastern border counties other, rather than Philadelphia and Delaware, in the southern tier counties west to Somerset, along the Susquehanna Valley, and in the other southeastern counties bordering the traditional anthracite producing counties (Pennsylvania pp). Butler was the only western county to grow in population, and Monroe and Pike counties, formerly sparsely populated, grew at astonishing rates (Pennsylvania pp). Between 1980 and 1990, Adams, Bucks, Chester, Lancaster, Perry, Union, and Wayne grew by ten percent or more, and there has been a remarkably high population growth in the eastern, non-industrial boarder areas, which have been stimulated by improved interstate highways (Pennsylvania pp).
One reason for the growth has been the fact that young workers with children and retired workers from New York, New Jersey, and Maryland have been attracted by the lower living costs and the cleaner environment (Pennsylvania pp). However, Pennsylvania is not considered among the right-to-work states, and both state and federal programs have retrained workers who have been laid off due to technological change (Pennsylvania pp). Today, the state has the sixth largest labor pool force in the nation, some 5.89 million people and in 1996 the state's unemployment rate was 4.8%, compared to the national rate of 5.0% (Pennsylvania pp).
Pennsylvania's industries include chemicals, food, electrical machinery and equipment, cement, clay products-bricks, tile and fire clay, glass, limestone, slate, and electronic data processing has increased tremendously, and computerization has improved basic manufacturing and service processes (Pennsylvania pp). However, the backbone of the state's economy is the more than 51,000 farms, which makes Pennsylvania an important food distribution center, supplying farm and food products to markets from New England to the Mississippi River (Pennsylvania pp). Agriculture continues to grow stronger through the statewide efforts of farm and commodity organizations, agricultural extension services, strong vocational agricultural programs, and the state Department of Agriculture (Pennsylvania pp).
Each year Pennsylvania farmers sell more than $3.6 billion in crop and livestock products, and agribusiness and food-related industries make up some $39 billion in economic activity (Pennsylvania pp). Over four million acres of land are harvested crop land, and another four million acres are in farm woodlands and pastures, accounting for roughly one-third of the state's total land area (Pennsylvania pp). In fact, Pennsylvania ranks among the top ten states in such varied products as milk, poultry, eggs, ice cream, pears, apples, grapes, cherries, sweet corn, potatoes, mushrooms, tomatoes, cheese, maple syrup, cabbage, snap beans, Christmas trees and floriculture crops, pretzels, potato chips, sausage, wheat flour, and bakery products (Pennsylvania pp). The state ranks nineteenth in the nation in total farm income, although in total farm acreage it is thirty-seventh, and ranks fifth in milk cows, seventeenth in total cattle, fifteenth in hogs, twenty-fourth in sheep, and seventh in non-citrus fruits (Pennsylvania pp).
Central Pennsylvania is predominately rural, thus in 1996, Charles Abdalla and Timothy Kelsey summarized the conflict between farmers and the local community in an article titled, "Breaking the Impasse: Helping Communities Cope with Change at the Rural-Urban Interface," stating that "conflicts ... threaten livelihoods and traditional ways of living, and tear communities apart ... often escalate into larger community, county, or statewide debates over who is right and what should be done" (Gomez pp). The disputes in farming today can be sorted into one of two areas, nuisances and expansion (Gomez pp). Nuisance complaints generally come from non-farming neighbors who do not understand the traditions of farming, and these conflicts often become a public issue of disagreements that grow into broader controversies that harm the broader community (Gomez pp). Nuisance complaints can have detrimental effects on farmers in suburbanizing areas, typically "resulting from what farmers characterize as their new neighbors ... somewhat unrealistic expectations about the nature of country living in general and farming in particular" (Gomez pp).
Individuals oppose expansion for a number of reasons (Gomez pp). Non-farming neighbors oppose expansion and large operations due to the typical nuisances, such as odor and noise, while, small operation farmers and local governments oppose large farm operations due to harmful effects to the environment (Gomez pp). Moreover, large farm operations threaten small family farming profits, and many believe that large farms are unrepresentative of the traditions involved in farming and do not want their bad reputations to be associated with small farms (Gomez pp). Therefore, many farm associations advocate small farming and try to prevent expansion, which is referred...
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