¶ … risk-free because an experiment exposes its participants to a number of variables that can impact psychological or physical well-being. To determine if a given study is worth performing, scientists frequently conduct analyses to determine the risk/benefit ratio of a given area of research. Potential risks of research include exposure of the subjects to harmful substances or dangerous situations. For example, when testing a new drug, pharmaceutical researchers will be subjecting their test subjects to chemicals with potential side effects. In extreme cases, the detrimental effects of the chemical may be fatal, such as when a subject has unknown allergies to a given substance. Such issues will be taken into account when making a risk/benefit assessment. In other cases, the participants may be at risk for psychological harm from being exposed to highly stressful situations. For example, in a study on nightmares or on anger, the participants may experience high levels of stress. Participating in the experiment also exposes the participants to potential sources of shame or embarrassment; an experiment can leave indelible marks on the participants, which is why care should be taken to minimize risk and be completely honest with the participants about potential risks.
When the study closely mimics the experiences of everyday life, the research carries minimal risk. For example, if a study was designed to measure the impact on watching two or more hours of television per day, the research sample might include individuals who already watched two or more hours of television per day: because the parameters of the experiment did not alter the participants' behavior in any way, the risk is minimal.
Scientists should attempt to minimize risk in their experiments through ensuring anonymity, acquiring informed consent, and reducing the chances of physical or mental harm. If the parameters of the experiment inherently entail the participants being at risk, informed consent is necessary. The researcher can also alter the methods of an experiment to minimize risk, such as encoding a subject's responses to ensure confidentiality.
2. Online research carries unique risks and raises unique ethical issues. First, all information transmitted online is at risk for being spied on or stolen. A participant's name, address, phone number, and other personal information...
Capital Requirement and Risk Behavior Arab African International Bank Midan ElSaray El Koubra, Garden City Caoro The research will mainly dwell on the capital requirements and risk behavior of banks, more in particular the credit risk. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the relationship between capital requirements and the risk behavior of banks in Egypt more in particular the Arab African International Bank, which is the case study for this
If police, along with others in society, perceive high risk sex offenders as humans who possess the potential to be rehabilitated, then incidences of possible discrimination against these individuals might decrease. This in turn, the researcher contends, could contribute to incidences of sexual offences being prevented and/or reduced. Even though the researcher never generally cared about how high risk sex offenders felt, the conviction that discrimination is wrong over-rode
Market Efficiency and Empirical Approaches to Test for it A review and discussion of market efficiency A financial market is efficient with respect to information item, if the new information has fully influenced the market prices. In an efficient market, when a new information is made available its impact is said to be instantaneous or rapid and unbiased to the financial assets' current market prices. There are three different hypotheses that have
Pharmaceutical industries have to operate in an environment that is highly competitive and subject to a wide variety of internal and external constraints. In recent times, there has been an increasing trend to reduce the cost of operation while competing with other companies that manufacture products that treat similar afflictions and ailments. The complexities in drug research and development and regulations have created an industry that is subject to intense
Negotiation Skills A High Impact Negotiations Model: An Answer to the Limitations of the Fisher, Ury Model of Principled Negotiations This study aims to discover the ways in which blocked negotiations can be overcome by testing the Fisher, Ury model of principled negotiation against one of the researcher's own devising, crafted after studying thousands of negotiation trainees from over 100 multinational corporations on 5 continents. It attempts to discern universal applications of
(Freyhofer 104) Globalizing clinical research has reportedly proven to be one solution for America's pharmaceutical paradox. Doctors prescribe more than 10 prescriptions for the average American each year. Only one person in 350, however, will submit themselves to be a participant in experimental drug testing. On the other side of the globe, however a profusion of under-treated, poor, physician-trusting patients who live in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia
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