[Pedrazzoli et.al, 2004]
While the above study discussed changes in levels of beta-adrenergic receptors, a research by Hip lide et.al studied the effects of REM deprivation on the binding changes among ?1-, ?2-, ?1- and ?2 adrenergic receptors in different regions of the brain. All the 91 rats used in the study were sleep deprived for 96 hours prior to the experiment. It was observed that the binding of [3H] prazosin to the ?1 receptors was not considerably different along the different regions of the brain but a mild reduction was observed. Similarly there was no significant difference in the binding to ?2 sites labeled as [3H] UK-14, 314 in all of the 91 observed areas but it showed a mild increase. However, the ?1- and ?2 receptors showed considerable reduction in binding. Data gathered using quantitative receptor autoradiography revealed that atleast in 13 of 69 brain regions, ?1 receptor binding was considerably reduced while similar reductions for ?2 receptor binding was observed in 25 of the 72 regions. This experiment confirms that norepinephrine receptors are affected by REM deprivation. [Hip lide et.al, 1998]
Yan et.al (2007) studied the effects of prolonged sleep deprivation on the synaptic plasticity of mouse hypocretin and orexin neurons. The researches used the drug modafinil (used in treatment for narcolepsy) to prolong wakefulness in the mice. It was observed that the induced wakefulness created long-term potentiation of the glutamatergic synapses of the hypcretin and orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus known as the homeostatis center. This increased activity of the glutamatergic synapses is evident from the mEPSCs recordings obtained at 0, 1, 2 hours after the injecting with modafinil. The frequencies of mEPSC recordings obtained after 1 hour was 9.08 ± 1.56 Hz while it was 5.54 ± 0.70 Hz (n = 17) in the control mice. The mEPSC frequencies after 2 hours were 7.84 ± 0.72 Hz (n = 29) in the experimental mice and 5.91 ± 0.58 Hz (n = 29) in the control group. Similar long-term potentiation of the glutamatergic synapses was observed when sleep deprivation was caused by gentle handling instead of using modafinil. This study clearly shows that sleep deprivation causes changes in the excitatory synapses and that...
Sleep deprivation is frequently a direct result of the need for intensive care, constant surveillance and monitoring that combine to limit the opportunities for uninterrupted sleep in the intensive care unit (ICU). The problem is multifactorial, with patients' chronic underlying illness, pain, pharmacological interventions used for the treatment of the primary illness, as well as the ICU environment itself have all been shown to be contributing factors to the process
Sleep and Wakefulness How Does Wakefulness Influence Sleep Sleep is one of the most important components of good health, and successful night's sleep can be robbed in many ways. Because the sleep state is a fragile undertaking, events that happen during the day, issues during the night, and physiological actors all play a role. This paper discusses all of the factors related to how wakefulness affects sleep, and therapies that can be
Clinical Psychology Dissertation - Dream Content as a Therapeutic Approach: Ego Gratification vs. Repressed Feelings An Abstract of a Dissertation Dream Content as a Therapeutic Approach: Ego Gratification vs. Repressed Feelings This study sets out to determine how dreams can be used in a therapeutic environment to discuss feelings from a dream, and how the therapist should engage the patient to discuss them to reveal the relevance of those feelings, in their present,
Procrastination, I pay for it often. It's bad enough that I have trouble sleeping most nights, but when I put off studying for exams until the last moment and was up all hours of the night studying, it certainly did not help my day. By the time I was satisfied with my familiarity of the material I had to learn there were only a couple of hours left for sleep.
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a complex medical condition that affects about 5 million American people. The condition is characterized by "chronic widespread pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, stiffness, impaired memory and concentration, anxiety and depression." (Facts of Life, 2001). Sleep disturbance and an increased sensitivity to pain follow a cyclic pattern in individuals having FMS, the result of which is a positive feedback loop. (Etiology of Fibromyalgia, 2003). Typically, fibromyalgia affects women,
Dreams Mental illness impacts all areas of a person's life, from social interactions to self-perception, from cognitive functioning to spiritual belief systems. Dreams are no exception. Every person spends a good deal of time in the dreaming state, whether or not dreams are recalled or valued upon awakening. A person's sleep state is impacted by a number of factors ranging from the biological to the emotional. When mental illness affects a
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