¶ … radiation received by the surgeon during the use of a mini-c-arm device and to compare this amount with documented measurements associated with the large c-arm device" (p. 13). Previous research had determined that the perceived increased risks had been associated with the large c-arm device but there were no current studies available that had developed such findings with the mini c-arm device. The purpose of the present study was also "to quantify the amount of scattered radiation that is present during a typical mini-c-arm examination in order to determine 1) the relative risk of radiation exposure to the surgeon with extended use, 2) whether the surgeon positioning is pertinent, and 3) whether protective shielding should be employed" (p. 14). The researchers looked at the positioning of "anthropomorphic phantoms as a patient might be positioned within the c-arm for a typical forearm or ankle examination"...
14). Researchers also looked at parallel measurements at various radial distances from the phantom which "represented the amount of scattered radiation to which the operating orthopedic surgeon is exposed" (p. 14). The study also determined radiation technique factors based upon the positioning of either the forearm or the ankle that was being studied.This category can further be divided into six subgroups namely; short-range, medium range, long-range, close range, endurance, Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The long-range UAVs are technologically more advanced as they use satellites in order to overcome the communication problem between the UAVs and the ground stations. This communication problem is generally caused by the curvature of the earth. The medium, short and close range
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