Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia achieved the beginning of a new political order in Europe, one in which the Roman Church had little authority over the emerging independent states, such as the Dutch Republic. It ended the Thirty Years War that had raged in throughout the Holy Roman Empire, and it also ended the Eighty Years War between Spain and the Dutch. It was, in large part, a compromise between the warring Protestant and Catholic entities, along with Jewish influence in the Netherlands. Essentially, the Peace of Westphalia established a political peace, in which the respective combatants respected the sovereignty of the other and resolved to maintain a political balance. It was moreover the basis for the formation of modern international law.
What Westphalia did not achieve was any solid or real, lasting peace. The practicality of its political peace stemmed from a desire to end the warring -- but it did nothing to resolve the ideological tensions that still bubbled beneath the surface. Calvinists and Lutherans, Catholics and Jews all still remained at odds with another in terms of worldview and religious orientation -- deep-seated beliefs that found practical and political expression in opposing ways. Thus, while Westphalia put an end to the major wars in Europe, it did not extinguish all conflict; instead it merely afforded a temporary truce, as the history of modern Europe has indeed shown true. The continent, since...
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