In retrospect, the industry failed to respond appropriately by lobbying for federal restrictions on imported steel instead of recognizing the need to embrace a newer technology in the form of modern oxygen furnaces as an improvement over the open-hearth furnaces that replaced the Bessemer process almost a century earlier.
Similarly, steel industry leaders like the infamous U.S. Steel Company continued to ignore the reality of decreased quality of North American iron ore; instead of importing higher quality foreign raw material, they invested unwisely in the expensive refinement processes required by the use of lower grade American iron ore.
Management issues and worker relations also contributed to the decline of Pennsylvania steel. Traditionally, the ranks of steel industry management consisted of former steel workers who rose into leadership positions after decades of first-hand experience. In the post-industrial age, industry management followed the general
American big business trend of hiring management candidates whose credentials were academic rather than practical, one unanticipated consequence of which was a fundamental change in relationship between workers and management (Hoerr, p.37).
Whereas earlier generations of steelworkers took personal pride in their work, their product, and their industry, the late 1980s witnessed a fundamental change in that dynamic: steelworkers...
history of unions in Western Pennsylvania is strong and rich. Factors including locality and population growth made western Pennsylvania, more specifically Pittsburgh, an ideal place for various industries. Sullivan (1955) asserts that Pennsylvania was ideal because it possessed many natural resources. The state possessed wooded mountains and fertile valleys. In addition, the state provided access to huge deposits of coal and iron ore. Sullivan (1955) the author also explains
52). Furthermore, Marx felt that money had "deprived the whole world, both the human world and nature, of their own proper value. Money is the alienated essence of man's work and existence; this essence dominates him and he worships it..." (Strathern, 2001, p. 52). From Marx's point-of-view, owners or holders of capital were in a position to exploit workers because of their "systematically privileged position within the market" (Pierson,
Lake Erie to the industrial and commercial markets of Northern Ohio, the state of Ohio, and the entire United States. BACKGROUND ON LAKE ERIE Lake Erie forms the northern boundary to the state of Ohio, separating the state from Canada. It is the fourth largest of the Great Lakes, and the 12th largest freshwater lake in the world. It provides significant drinking water to the surrounding cities and towns, and is
There would be other incidents of violence, and it is that part of Carnegie's history where we are able in retrospect to see him as a businessman in retrospect. There are some historians and researchers who believe that Carnegie and other wealthy men of the industrial era were not just men focused on building their industrial empires, but who were also focused on building world empires (Jenkins, Dominick, 2005, p.
However, Andrew Carnegie did give, and his money has indeed benefited many millions of people all around the world, and people today can make use of the many libraries that he has built, in order to acquire knowledge and thereby better themselves. It must be remembered that Andrew Carnegie had a strong belief in the meritocracy of the United States of America, and also that his free libraries would
76). As automation increasingly assumes the more mundane and routine aspects of work of all types, Drucker was visionary in his assessment of how decisions would be made in the years to come. "In the future," said Drucker, "it was possible that all employment would be managerial in nature, and we would then have progressed from a society of labor to a society of management" (Witzel, p. 76). The
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