They are used in refrigeration. He proposed that the deadlines for the cessation of the use of CFCs be advanced by a decade. The global agreement was to phase out CFCs among industrialized countries by 2030 and among developing countries by 2040. It was also later discovered that HCFCs warm up the earth a lot faster than carbon dioxide (Lean). HCFCs were first assumed to be beneficial alternatives to CFCs (Baker 2000). These chemicals were found to be potent greenhouse gases, which heat up the earth up to 4,000 times more than carbon dioxide (Lean).
The Montreal Protocol was successful in immediately phasing out ozone-depleting chemicals, such as CFCs, by replacing them with less damaging alternatives (Sengupta 2005). Manufacturers of fire extinguishers and refrigerators could be commended for their response. But the real effects of that response will not be evident until after many years, as CFCs remain in the atmosphere for long periods. These chemicals create the greatest damage in the Antarctic region because of its unusual weather. High-altitude clouds form best at those levels and thus enhance the conditions and reactions, which destroy the ozone layer. The weather influences changes in the size of the hole from one year to another. It first appeared to be shrinking at the start. But in 2003, it grew to a record size. Then it grew smaller, an indication of rapid repair. Despite this trend, Jonathan Shanklin of the British Antarctic Survey said that hole would not disappear completely until the middle of the century, at the earliest (Sengupta).
The analysis of the first and second Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment or SAGE and the Halogen Occultation Experiment or HALOE offered evidence for the first stage of ozone layer recovery (Steitz 2003). In 1997, scientists found less ozone depletion in the upper stratosphere at 22-28 miles altitude. The decrease was consistent with the reduction of man-made chorine and bromine-containing chemicals. These changes were documented by satellite, balloon, aircraft and ground-based measurements. Associate Professor Mike Newchurch of the University of Alabama and lead scientist in the SAGE II-HALOE study said that total ozone recovery would take decades. More information was needed, such as the effect of climate change on ozone recovery. SAGE I was launched in 1979 on the Applications Explorer Mission B. spacecraft. SAGE II was launches in 1984 on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite. HALOE was carried by the Space Shuttle Discovery on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite in 1991. The research was funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Science Enterprise in order to better understand and protect the earth. Ozone depletion not only allows the sun's ultraviolet rays into the earth and threatens health and life. It also causes the ozone hole over Antarctica every spring (Steitz).
Policies in Reducing Ozone Depletion and Forecast
Measurements provided by the three satellites and three ground stations confirmed the slowing down of ozone depletion in the past decade (Connor 2003). But Professor Newchurch emphasized that it would take at least half a century before the ozone layer could completely repaired. He and fellow scientists acknowledged the success to the Montreal initiative of 1987 to phase out the production of CFCs in products, such as aerosol sprays and refrigerators. It is the chlorine content in CFCs, which destroys the ozone layer. He said that ozone depletion was declining at roughly 8% per decade. At that time, the depletion was only at about 4% per decade (Connor).
Despite the first indication of recovery, Professor Newchurch stressed that ozone-depleting chemicals should be produced again (Connor 2003). The harmful ultraviolet light produced by the sun is naturally destroyed in the absence of pollution. But the chlorine in CFCs is far more destructive than pollution alone. It is responsible for large-scale ozone destruction in the polar regions at the end of winters when sunshine induces photochemical reactions (Connor).
California Congressman Richard Pombo introduced the Methyl Bromide Fairness Fact (Baker 2000). It focused wide-scale attention on methyl bromide, a toxic and ozone-depleting chemical used primarily by California strawberry and Florida tomato farmers. The Act would postpone U.S. phase-out deadline to 2015. This was the deadline for developing countries to stop producing and consuming the chemical. It is already banned in many countries, including the Netherlands and Canada. Methyl bromide has been linked to almost 500 cases of poisoning since 1982 in California. Of this number, 19 were fatal. The government and the scientific community agree that the use of methyl bromide compounds should be regulated. The EPA categorizes methyl bromide as a Class I ozone-depleting chemical, scheduled for phase-out by the Clean Air Ac. The United Nations Environment Programme said that the phase-out of CFCs and the removal of methyl bromide emissions from industries...
Deregulation in the European Airline Industry The European airline market: Transport is one of the key sectors in Europe with commercial, economic and cultural implications for the European Union citizens. It accounts for over 10% of Europe's GDP and provides jobs to nearly 10 million people. In the last two decades, air transport has shown the maximum rise in passenger volumes, with an average annual growth rate of 7.4%, in terms
2009). Though innovative, this use of the model appears to be highly reliable and appropriate given the context of the study. At the same time, very little direct observation is utilized for correlation to this data, and retroactive predictions are not presented to demonstrate the model's efficacy, raising some doubt. Discussion Though the system of ozone depletion and recovery was thought to be fairly well understood given the decades of research
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