Each liter of blood can therefore carry 3 ml of dissolved CO2 and 201 ml hemoglobin-bound O2. The hemoglobin bound O2 does not contribute to arterial PO2.
By contrast, CO2 is transported by the blood in three different forms. Since CO2 is very soluble in water, about 10% is transported as a dissolved gas. Another 60% is transported in the form of bicarbonate. Carbonic acid will also form, but at a ratio of 1:20 with bicarbonate. This represents the primary pH buffering system in the human body. Another 30% of CO2 will be carried by amine residues on hemoglobin and plasma proteins, with hemoglobin carrying the most CO2 by far.
Oxygen therefore requires a special mechanism to transport sufficient quantities to sustain human life, which is the hemoglobin protein resident within circulating erythrocytes. This mechanism includes cooperative binding of O2 to hemoglobin (Fig. 1). An unbound hemoglobin protein has a low affinity to oxygen, but the binding of oxygen to one heme group induces a conformational change that converts the other CO2 binding sites to high-affinity. This results in a sigmoidal O2 binding curve. By comparison, the myoglobin protein, which has only one heme group, produces a hyperbolic binding curve (Fig. 1, top panel).
Figure 1: Saturation/Dissociation Curves for O
2
and CO
2
. Top panel is...
Global Warming Due to Increased Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Concerns over the continual heating up of the atmosphere on Earth are one of the most important environmental issues in the world today. The unpredictable climate and heat changes in the atmosphere are often associated with an increase of substantial amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is often discussed that the primary reason why the global warming situation is increasing
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