Verified Document

Osteoporosis & Maximizing Bone Density Term Paper

5 SD below Severe osteoporosis and fragility fracture > 2.5 SD below BMD = bone mineral density; SD = standard deviation Beck and Shoemaker (2000) state that "calcium consumption alone is not considered adequate protection against osteoporosis" however calcium does play "an important role in the prevention and management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. " Optimal calcium intake as stated by the National Institutes of Health are those stated for the age and intake as follows:

Hormone Status Age in Years Recommended Daily Calcium Intake (mg)

Premenopausal 11-24 1,400

Premenopausal 25-50 1,000

Premenopausal, pregnant

or lactating 25-50 1,400

Postmenopausal, taking

Estrogen 65 1,500

Calcium intake effectiveness is dependent upon the proper levels of calcium being absorbed by the human body. Vitamin D must be present in the body in sufficient levels in order for the body to absorb calcium. Sunlight results in the synthesis of vitamin D in the body however, even after exposure to sunlight, as the age of the individual increases the body's ability to synthesize vitamin D decreases. Beck and Shoemaker (2000) state that the adequate daily intake of vitamin D for the different ages of the individual are as follows:

Age Daily Vitamin D Intake

Age 50-200 IU (5 micrograms)

Age 51-70-400 IU (10 micrograms)

71+ 600 IU (15 micrograms)

Also important to combat osteoporosis is estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) and as well bisphosphonates including: (1) alendronate sodium; (2) etidronate disodium; (3) pamidronate disodium; and (4) risedronate sodium, also decrease bone resorbption. Of these, alendronate is stated to show the "greatest efficacy in increasing BMD and preventing fractures and is the only FDA-approved bisphosphate for osteoporosis." (Beck and Shoemaker, 2000) Prevention dose is stated at...

Women experience more rapid bone loss in the early years after menopause, which places them at earlier risk for fractures. An important risk factor in men is hypogonadism. Men and perimenopausal women with osteoporosis more commonly experience secondary osteoporosis than do postmenopausal women." (Hellekson, 2002) Hellekson additionally states: "The bone mass attained early in life is perhaps the most important determinant of lifelong skeletal health. Individuals with the highest peak bone mass after adolescence have the greatest protective advantage. Nutrition, exercise, gonadal steroids, and growth hormone and body composition all play a role in bone density. Building good eating habits early in life is important. In particular, getting enough calcium and vitamin D is crucial. Exercise, particularly resistance-based and high-impact exercise, is also beneficial because it helps increase bone density. In addition, sex steroids (estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor I) secreted during puberty substantially increase BMD and peak bone mass." (2002) Conclusions related to osteoporosis stated by the National Institutes of Health include the following: (1) Osteoporosis occurs in all populations at all ages; (2) Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake are crucial to develop optimal peak bone mass and to preserve bone mass throughout life; (3) Gonadal steroids are important determinants of peak and lifetime bone mass in men, women, and children; (4) Regular exercise contributes to development of high

Sources used in this document:
71+ 600 IU (15 micrograms)

Also important to combat osteoporosis is estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) and as well bisphosphonates including: (1) alendronate sodium; (2) etidronate disodium; (3) pamidronate disodium; and (4) risedronate sodium, also decrease bone resorbption. Of these, alendronate is stated to show the "greatest efficacy in increasing BMD and preventing fractures and is the only FDA-approved bisphosphate for osteoporosis." (Beck and Shoemaker, 2000) Prevention dose is stated at 5 mg and treatment of established osteoporosis dosage is stated at 10 mg.

The work of Hellekson (2002) states that a consensus statement released by the National Institutes of Health states that Although residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities are at particularly high risk of osteoporosis-related fracture, men and women experience an age-related decline in bone mineral density (BMD) starting in midlife. Women experience more rapid bone loss in the early years after menopause, which places them at earlier risk for fractures. An important risk factor in men is hypogonadism. Men and perimenopausal women with osteoporosis more commonly experience secondary osteoporosis than do postmenopausal women." (Hellekson, 2002) Hellekson additionally states: "The bone mass attained early in life is perhaps the most important determinant of lifelong skeletal health. Individuals with the highest peak bone mass after adolescence have the greatest protective advantage. Nutrition, exercise, gonadal steroids, and growth hormone and body composition all play a role in bone density. Building good eating habits early in life is important. In particular, getting enough calcium and vitamin D is crucial. Exercise, particularly resistance-based and high-impact exercise, is also beneficial because it helps increase bone density. In addition, sex steroids (estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor I) secreted during puberty substantially increase BMD and peak bone mass." (2002) Conclusions related to osteoporosis stated by the National Institutes of Health include the following: (1) Osteoporosis occurs in all populations at all ages; (2) Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake are crucial to develop optimal peak bone mass and to preserve bone mass throughout life; (3) Gonadal steroids are important determinants of peak and lifetime bone mass in men, women, and children; (4) Regular exercise contributes to development of high
Cite this Document:
Copy Bibliography Citation

Related Documents

Osteoporosis
Words: 1459 Length: 5 Document Type: Term Paper

Treatment of osteoporosis revolves around specific calcium and vitamin D medication programs but first and foremost in importance is the institution of regular, healthy and appropriately strenuous exercise. This helps to strengthen both muscle support for fragile bones and improves ambulatory abilities to the end of helping to reduce the likelihood of accidents. Additionally, a lifestyle of activity can have decidedly positive preventative properties as well, serving as one of

Osteoporosis in a Healthy Adult the Skeleton
Words: 1324 Length: 4 Document Type: Case Study

Osteoporosis In a healthy adult the skeleton is maintained through a process of complementary bone resorption and deposition (Das & Crockett, 2013). The two cell types responsible for this process are the multinucleated osteoclasts derived from the blood and resident osteoblasts. In the course of normal living the skeleton will develop localized, stress-induced microfractures, which trigger resident osteocytes to signal for help from the osteoclasts. The osteoclasts arrive and begin to

Lesson Plan Amp; Reflection I Didn't Know
Words: 857 Length: 3 Document Type: Essay

Lesson Plan Amp; Reflection I didn't know what state you are in so was unable to do state/district standards! Lesson Plan Age/Grade Range; Developmental Level(s): 7-8/2nd Grade; Below grade level Anticipated Lesson Duration: 45 Minutes Lesson Foundations Pre-assessment (including cognitive and noncognitive measures): All students are reading below grade level (5-7 months) as measured by standardized assessments and teacher observation Curricular Focus, Theme, or Subject Area: Reading: Fluency, word recognition, and comprehension State/District Standards: Learning Objectives: Students will develop

Branding New Service Dominant Logic
Words: 12522 Length: 50 Document Type: Dissertation

Branding in Service Markets Amp Aim And Objectives Themes for AMP Characteristics Composing Branding Concept Branding Evolution S-D Logic and Service Markets Branding Challenges in Service Markets Considerations for Effective Service Branding Categories and Themes Branding Theory Evolution S-D Logic and Service Markets Branding Challenges in Service Markets Considerations for Effective Service Branding Branding Concept Characteristics Characteristics Composing Branding Concept Sampling of Studies Reviewed Evolution of Branding Theory Evolution of Marketing Service-Brand-Relationship-Value Triangle Brand Identity, Position & Image Just as marketing increasingly influences most aspects of the consumer's lives, brands

Maximizing Profits in the Present Day and
Words: 1421 Length: 4 Document Type: Essay

Maximizing Profits In the present day and age, several market structures are existent in the global economy. Each and every market structure is distinct in its way of being run and the power that it has over market prices, trend setting and demand. The key element that helps in distinguishing between different market structures is mainly the amount of competition present between several producers of a single type of product. In

Maximising Market Share Rather Than Shareholder Value
Words: 1020 Length: 3 Document Type: Case Study

Maximising market share rather than shareholder value may be a critical decision for management, but the right one in the long run. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Market share is the term used for the dominance of the company in the market, or simply the size of the customer base. Some companies have small base in the regional markets, while some are international. In either case the importance

Sign Up for Unlimited Study Help

Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.

Get Started Now