Orthognathic Surgery is a procedure used for patients that have jaws that do not meet properly, which often coincides with teeth that do not seem to fit correctly with their jaws. This procedure is often used in conjunction with orthodontics, which straighten the teeth in preparation for the jaw surgery. People who require orthognathic surgery often have incorrectly positioned jaws, or an improper bite. Often the upper and lower jaws grow at different rates, which can lead to problems that affect speech, chewing, long-term oral health, as well as appearance. Also, jaw alignment can also be influenced by injury to the jaw and birth defects. Orthognathic surgery basically repositions the jaw (Center for Oral and Facial Surgery of Chattanooga, 2000). This type of surgery is also used for patients that require jaw repositioning in order to allow for the reconstruction of the dentition using implants (Jones, 2002).
More specifically, orthognathic surgery involves the "surgical manipulation of the elements of the facial skeleton to restore proper anatomic and functional relationship in patients with dentofacial skeletal anomalies (Patel, 2001). The historical roots of orthognathic surgery date back to 1846, and the ability to effectively reposition the mandible preceded the ability to reposition the maxilla (Patel, 2001). Therefore, patients with primary maxillary deformities would somewhat ineffectively undergo mandibular surgery because it was the only option. Orthognathic surgery, as a distinct, specialized procedure, did not emerge until the possibility of effectively repositioning the maxilla in a consistent manner was demonstrated by Obwegeser in 1965. In 1970, Obwegeser was the first to report simultaneous repositioning of the maxilla and mandible (Patel, 2001).
The general goal of orthognathic surgery is to straighten the jaw. Patel (2001) explained how defining a straight...
Plastic surgery is often described by proponents of its use as "medical enhancement" but it should be viewed more properly as whether or not it is medically necessary (Miller). The question should be asked whether or not such surgery is needed for the maintenance or restoration of health. The medical enhancement approach would point out that there is a segment of society that seek plastic surgery as a method of
Plastic surgery is among the most common issues where arguments and debates between the pros and cons in society exist. There are those who oppose the practice of plastic surgery while there are those who find its benefits to outweigh the risks and negative effects. For those who reject the idea of plastic surgery, the risks and negative effects of the practice are the reasons that they hold on to. Similarly,
Plastic Surgery The term 'plastic' is derived from the Greek syllable 'plastikos' meaning 'mold' or 'give shape to'. Plastic surgery is a special branch of medicine that deals with curing or rectifying facial disfigurement, scarring or other anomalies in the physical features that are either congenital or accidental. Advancements in technology have broadened the scope of plastic surgery and today it is performed for a variety of cosmetic purposes like, face-lift,
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While it used to be primarily the face, the breasts and more visible parts of the body that people chose to have cosmetic surgery on, today they are taking things a step further. According to Davis (2002) one of the most popular "new sex surgeries" is the "designer vagina." These surgeries are supposed to improve the aesthetics of the vagina as well as make them 'tighter'. Clearly, people are becoming
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