Null Hypothesis and Symptoms

¶ … carcinoid is no longer rare as previously deemed, but rather is accidentally missed or not analyzed in the course of removing the appendix, this has a major prevalence than most current proportion of reported diagnoses.

Carcinoid tumors are relatively unusual, malignant tumors, typically of the digestive track and/or lung. They grow and develop slowly and as a result have a very minimal probability of disseminating across the body. Remarkably, these tumors are abnormal in the sense that they generate hormones, which if let into the bloodstream can cause symptoms such as flushing of the face and/or chest wheezing (Hodgson, 1992). Every so often, owing to the fact that symptoms might be minimal or even lacking, the diagnosis made for carcinoid tumors is usually unplanned, similar to the instances of an appendectomy. The treatment options for carcinoid tumors include radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Surgery is also a treatment option if the tumor is found and easily removed. In particular, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are most beneficial when the tumor has relapsed and therefore is causing symptoms. Research indicates that patients with carcinoid have just about 100% chance of recovery if surgery is an available option and performed correctly and completely (Maggard et al., 2004).

Methods

The unknown data that was used to formulate the percentage reported by ASCO is normally distributed. While this percentage really represents the percentage of overall carcinoid tumors that just occur in the appendix, you have permission to assume this percentage also reflects the estimated national percentage of carcinoid tumors. The standard deviation for this national percentage can be assumed as (σ) = ± 2.5%. The data used encompassed 2014 biopsy results of appendectomies by the five different regions in the United States. The data is divided into malignant and benign carcinoid tumors. Frequency central tendency metrics, standard deviation, and range of malignant percentages were calculated. The hypotheses of the study were H0: Mean remains the same for carcinoid prevalence against and H1: The mean has changed. The statistical method used in the study was ANOVA. The n is 5 and k is 1. Therefore, n -- 1 = 4, and k -- 1 = 1. K is equal to 2 because there are 2 groups and N. is equal to 5 as stated in the question, which represent the states from which data collection took place. K-1 is the numerator that is 2-1 while n-1 is the denominator.

Results