Rate and a Baud Rate?

¶ … rate and a baud rate?

There are significant differences between bit rate and baud rate. A bit rate indicates the number of data bits that are sent typically from one device to another, while the baud rate defines the number of times a signal fluctuates or changes its state. For example, a bit rate is typically quoted in terms of bits per second (bps) as it designates the relative speed of a network, device, or system. The baud rate however is the number of changes a given electronics interface or method of electronic communication can change its state.

These two terms are often confused with one another due to the fact that baud rates are often quoted with one channel, and therefore the number of changes they can manage in a given second is the same figure as the bit rate. This is the case with early-generation models where 9600 baud and 9600 bit rate were quoted by manufacturers; the baud rate was however governed by having only a single channel to communicate on. As electronic interfaces became more intelligent over time and more channels were added, the baud rate changes to reflect the number of bits being sent per baud which in effect makes the baud rate a smaller percentage of the bit rate.

Is it possible for a Token Ring Network to have collisions?

False - the Token Ring Network by nature uses a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol.

How does ISDN support both voice and data?

As an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), this information standard supports both the transfer of enhanced telephone and data across the same physical line through the use of separate communications channels inherent in the interface itself. The protocols these variations of the ISDN standard use for communicating between devices and across networks include two bearer or as they are sometimes called "B" channels that are assigned through the ISDN controller for either voice or data, in addition to a data channel used for controlling and ensuring data accuracy. This third channel as a result is sometimes called the "D" channel.

How do adapters synchronize their clocks to recognize the first few bits of each frame?

Adapters rely on (a) Using a Prefix, to synchronize their clocks to enable inbound bits to be recognized.

Why do SDLC and HDLC use the terms primary stations and secondary stations?